Classical collapse to black holes and quantum bounces: A review

In the last four decades different programs have been carried out aiming at understanding the final fate of gravitational collapse of massive bodies once some prescriptions for the behaviour of gravity in the strong field regime are provided. The general picture arising from most of these scenarios is that the classical singularity at the end of collapse is replaced by a bounce. The most striking consequence of the bounce is that the black hole horizon may live for only a finite time. The possible implications for astrophysics are important since, if these models capture the essence of the collapse of a massive star, an observable signature of quantum gravity may be hiding in astrophysical phenomena. One intriguing idea that is implied by these models is the possible existence of exotic compact objects, of high density and finite size, that may not be covered by an horizon. The present article outlines the main features of these collapse models and some of the most relevant open problems. The aim is to provide a comprehensive (as much as possible) overview of the current status of the field from the point of view of astrophysics. As a little extra, a new toy model for collapse leading to the formation of a quasi static compact object is presented.Comment: 31 pages, 8 figures. Published version appearing in the collection 'Open Questions in Black Hole Physics' of the journal Univers

Thermodynamics and gravitational collapse

It is known now that a typical gravitational collapse in general relativity, evolving from regular initial data and under physically reasonable conditions would end in either a black hole or a naked singularity final state. An important question that needs to be answered in this connection is, whether the analogues of the laws of thermodynamics, as formulated for relativistic horizons are respected by the dynamical spacetimes for collapse that end in the formation of a naked singularity. We investigate here the thermodynamical behaviour of the dynamical horizons that form in spherically symmetric gravitational collapse and we show that the first and second laws of black hole thermodynamics, as extended to dynamical spacetimes in a suitable manner, are not violated whether the collapse ends in a black hole or a naked singularity. We then make a distinction between the naked singularities that result from gravitational collapse, and those that exist in solutions of Einstein equations in vacuum axially symmetric and stationary spacetimes, and discuss their connection with thermodynamics in view of the cosmic censorship conjecture and the validity of the third law of black hole mechanics.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figure

Gravitational blueshift from a collapsing object

We discuss a counterintuitive phenomenon of classical general relativity, in which a significant fraction of the radiation emitted by a collapsing object and detected by a distant observer may be blueshifted rather than redshifted. The key-point is that when the radiation propagates inside the collapsing body it is blueshifted, and this time interval may be sufficiently long for the effect to be larger than the later redshift due to the propagation in the vacuum exterior, from the surface of the body to the distant observer. Unfortunately, the phenomenon can unlikely have direct observational implications, but it is interesting by itself as a pure relativistic effect.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures. v2: refereed versio

Compact objects from gravitational collapse: an analytical toy model

We develop here a procedure to obtain regular static configurations as resulting from dynamical gravitational collapse of a massive matter cloud in general relativity. Under certain general physical assumptions for the collapsing cloud, we find the class of dynamical models that lead to an equilib- rium configuration. To illustrate this, we provide a class of perfect fluid collapse models that lead to a static constant density object as limit. We suggest that similar models might possibly constitute the basis for the description of formation of compact objects in nature.Comment: 9 pages, published versio

Note on the effect of a massive accretion disk in the measurements of black hole spins

The spin measurement of black holes has important implications in physics and astrophysics. Regardless of the specific technique to estimate the black hole spin, all the current approaches assume that the space-time geometry around the compact object is exactly described by the Kerr solution. This is clearly an approximation, because the Kerr metric is a stationary solution of the vacuum Einstein equations. In this paper, we estimate the effect of a massive accretion disk in the measurement of the black hole spin with a simple analytical model. For typical accretion disks, the mass of the disk is completely negligible, even for future more accurate measurements. However, for systems with very massive disks the effect may not be ignored.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures. v2: corrected a few typo

Semi-classical dust collapse and regular black holes

Semi-classical corrections at large curvature are employed in toy models of spherically symmetric gravitational collapse in order to avoid the formation of singularities. The resulting spacetimes may produce bounces, compact remnants or regular black holes in place of the usual Schwarzschild black hole. Within these models, a whole class of collapse scenarios leading to the formation of regular black holes may be obtained from General Relativity coupled to some theory of non-linear electrodynamics. In the present chapter we provide a thorough exposition of semi-classical dust collapse with particular attention to the conditions for the formation of regular black holes as the endstate of collapse.Comment: Invited chapter for the edited book 'Regular Black Holes: Towards a New Paradigm of the Gravitational Collapse' (Ed. C. Bambi, Springer Singapore, expected to appear in 2023

All black holes in Lemaitre-Tolman-Bondi inhomogeneous dust collapse

Within the Lemaitre-Tolman-Bondi formalism for gravitational collapse of inhomogeneous dust we analyze the parameter space that leads to the formation of a globally covered singularity (i.e. a black hole) when some physically reasonable requirements are imposed (namely positive radially decreasing and quadratic profile for the energy density and avoidance of shell crossing singularities). It turns out that a black hole can occur as the endstate of collapse only if the singularity is simultaneous as in the standard Oppenheimer-Snyder scenario. Given a fixed density profile then there is one velocity profile for the infalling particles that will produce a black hole. All other allowed velocity profiles will terminate the collapse in a locally naked singularity.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figures, matches published versio