Selective Chemokine Receptor Usage by Central Nervous System Myeloid Cells in CCR2-Red Fluorescent Protein Knock-In Mice

Background: Monocyte subpopulations distinguished by differential expression of chemokine receptors CCR2 and CX3CR1 are difficult to track in vivo, partly due to lack of CCR2 reagents. Methodology/Principal Findings: We created CCR2-red fluorescent protein (RFP) knock-in mice and crossed them with CX3CR1-GFP mice to investigate monocyte subset trafficking. In mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, CCR2 was critical for efficient intrathecal accumulation and localization of Ly6C hi /CCR2 hi monocytes. Surprisingly, neutrophils, not Ly6C lo monocytes, largely replaced Ly6C hi cells in the central nervous system of these mice. CCR2-RFP expression allowed the first unequivocal distinction between infiltrating monocytes/macrophages from resident microglia. Conclusion/Significance: These results refine the concept of monocyte subsets, provide mechanistic insight about monocyte entry into the central nervous system, and present a novel model for imaging and quantifying inflammatory myeloid populations

同性愛開示が友人関係に及ぼす影響 : 大学生・大学院生を対象に

これまでの先行研究では，女性よりも男性の方が同性愛について好ましく思っていないことや，男女ともに，社会が期待する性役割観と合致する者は，そうでない者に比べ同性愛に対して好ましくない態度をもっていることが明らかにされている（桐原・坂西，2003；和田，1996，2008）。本研究では大学（院）生を対象として，実際の同性もしくは異性友人から同性愛開示されたことを想定した際の友人関係の変化について，性役割態度要因も含めて調査した。その結果，異性愛男性は，友人から同性愛開示されても友人関係を続けたいという気持ちに変化はないが，いざ友人と行動を共にするとなると躊躇したり，お互いの内面や価値観について話すことを避けようとしたりすることが明らかとなった。異性愛女性とマイノリティ女性の場合，カミング･アウトされた経験の有無に関わらず，友人と交わす行動を減らすことはなかった。Previous studies have shown that men are less favorable toward homosexuality than women, and that both men and women who conform to societyʼs expected view of gender roles have less favorable attitudes toward homosexuality than those who do not (Kirihara and Sakanishi, 2003; Wada, 1996, 2008). In this study, we investigated the changes in friendships among university (graduate) students when they experienced coming-out of homosexuality by their actual same-sex or different sex friends, including sex-role attitude scales. The results showed that heterosexual men did not change their desire to continue their friendships even after their friends came out, but they hesitated to go out with their friends and tried to avoid talking about each otherʼs inner life and values. Heterosexual and minority women did not reduce their behavior with friends, regardless of whether they had been come out or not

Male Breast Cancer Originating in an Accessory Mammary Gland in the Axilla: A Case Report

Carcinoma of an accessory mammary gland is an extremely rare tumor. A 61-year-old male patient presented with a hard mass measuring 85 mm × 51 mm in the left axilla. Incisional biopsy histopathologically showed an adenocarcinoma compatible with breast carcinoma originating in an accessory mammary gland. Systemic examinations revealed no evidence of malignant or occult primary lesion in the bilateral mammary glands or in other organs. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was performed for the locally advanced axillary tumor and reduced the tumor to 55 mm in size, and, then, he could undergo complete resection with a negative surgical margin in combination with reconstructive surgery to fill the resulting skin defect with a local flap of the latissimus dorsi muscle. The patient has presented with no metastatic lesion in four years since the operation. This unusual case shows that neoadjuvant chemotherapy is an effective and tolerated therapy for advanced accessory breast cancer in the axilla

Primary Chest Wall Abscess Mimicking a Breast Tumor That Occurred after Blunt Chest Trauma: A Case Report

Primary chest wall abscess occurring after blunt chest trauma is rare. We present the case of a 50-year-old woman who presented with a swelling in her left breast. The patient had experienced blunt chest trauma 2 months back. Needle aspiration revealed pus formation in the patient’s chest. Computed tomography revealed a mass in the lower region of the left mammary gland, with thickening of the parietal pleura and skin and fracture of the fifth rib under the abscess. Following antibiotic administration and irrigation of the affected region, surgical debridement was performed. During surgery, we found that the pectoralis major muscle at the level of the fifth rib was markedly damaged, although the necrotic tissue did not contact the mammary gland. We diagnosed the lesion as a chest wall abscess that occurred in response to blunt chest trauma. Her postoperative course was uneventful. There has been no recurrence for six months after surgery

The roles of gustatory receptor neuron populations in modulation of Drosophila melanogaster naive courtship and courtship conditioning

Although Drosophila melanogaster male courtship behavior involves multimodal sensory input, non-volatile cuticular hydrocarbons (CHs) on courtship target are thought to be crucial in both innate courtship behavior (Ferveur and Greenspan, 2000; Jallon and David, 1987) and courtship conditioning (Siwicki et at., 2005). CHs are detected by a fly's peripheral gustatory system that consists of gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs) that express gustatory receptor proteins (Grs)(Amrein and Thorne, 2005; Stocker, 1994). Recently, the first putative pheromone receptor, Gr68a, has been identified (Bray and Amrein, 2003). In addition, high sequence similarity to Gr68a has implicated Gr32a, Gr39a.A, and Gr39a.D as potential pheromone receptors. In this study, roles of the GRN populations defined by expression of\ud these Grs in innate courtship behavior and courtship conditioning were examined by 1)increasing the neuronal excitability by expression of eagΔ⁹³², a dysfunctional potassium\ud SJ channel subunit protein or by 2) inhibiting neurotransmitter release by expression of shi TS1 in\ud the specific GRN populations. The results support the previous evidence that Gr68a transduces some aphrodisiac pheromone. Furthermore, the results suggest GRN populations defined by expression of Gr68a and Gr39a.A may detect a pheromone necessary for courtship conditioning. The results also suggest that Gr32a-expressing GRNs are capable of providing inhibitory input in courtship modulation

The roles of gustatory receptor neuron populations in modulation of Drosophila melanogaster naive courtship and courtship conditioning

Although Drosophila melanogaster male courtship behavior involves multimodal sensory input, non-volatile cuticular hydrocarbons (CHs) on courtship target are thought to be crucial in both innate courtship behavior (Ferveur and Greenspan, 2000; Jallon and David, 1987) and courtship conditioning (Siwicki et at., 2005). CHs are detected by a fly\u27s peripheral gustatory system that consists of gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs) that express gustatory receptor proteins (Grs)(Amrein and Thorne, 2005; Stocker, 1994). Recently, the first putative pheromone receptor, Gr68a, has been identified (Bray and Amrein, 2003). In addition, high sequence similarity to Gr68a has implicated Gr32a, Gr39a.A, and Gr39a.D as potential pheromone receptors. In this study, roles of the GRN populations defined by expression of these Grs in innate courtship behavior and courtship conditioning were examined by 1)increasing the neuronal excitability by expression of eag^(Δ⁹³²), a dysfunctional potassium SJ channel subunit protein or by 2) inhibiting neurotransmitter release by expression of shi^(TS1) in the specific GRN populations. The results support the previous evidence that Gr68a transduces some aphrodisiac pheromone. Furthermore, the results suggest GRN populations defined by expression of Gr68a and Gr39a.A may detect a pheromone necessary for courtship conditioning. The results also suggest that Gr32a-expressing GRNs are capable of providing inhibitory input in courtship modulation