Production and use of biologically active substances: Economic, social and legal aspects

The article analyzes the opinions of researchers on the need to produce and use biologically active substances. The authors of this publication consider not only legal issues, but also socio-economic ones. Due to the integral approach and the use of several basic methods of scientific cognition, a number of progressive conclusions are formulated. It is noted that the quality of biologically active substances and their generics depends not only on the consumer’s demand, but also on the substance nature and its legal regulation. Not only advantages of modern approaches to drug production are noted, but also defects, namely high cost and insufficiently effective use of digital technologies

Production and use of biologically active substances: Economic, social and legal aspects

The article analyzes the opinions of researchers on the need to produce and use biologically active substances. The authors of this publication consider not only legal issues, but also socio-economic ones. Due to the integral approach and the use of several basic methods of scientific cognition, a number of progressive conclusions are formulated. It is noted that the quality of biologically active substances and their generics depends not only on the consumer’s demand, but also on the substance nature and its legal regulation. Not only advantages of modern approaches to drug production are noted, but also defects, namely high cost and insufficiently effective use of digital technologies

Different Innate Ability of I/St and A/Sn Mice To Combat Virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Phenotypes Expressed in Lung and Extrapulmonary Macrophages

Mice of the I/St and A/Sn inbred strains display a severe and moderate course, respectively, of disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Earlier, we showed that the response to mycobacterial antigens in I/St mice compared to that in A/Sn mice is shifted toward Th2-like reactivity and a higher proliferative activity and turnover of T cells. However, the physiologic basis for different expressions of tuberculosis severity in these mice remains largely unknown. Here, we extend our previous observations with evidence that I/St interstitial lung macrophages are defective in the ability to inhibit mycobacterial growth and to survive following in vitro infection with M. tuberculosis H37Rv. A unique feature of this phenotype is its exclusive expression in freshly isolated lung macrophages. The defect is not displayed in ex vivo macrophages obtained from the peritoneal cavity nor in macrophages developed in vitro from progenitors extracted from various organs, including the lung itself. In addition, we show that, in sharp contrast to peritoneal macrophages, the mycobactericidal capacity of lung macrophages is not elevated in the presence of exogenous gamma interferon. Our data suggest that the in vivo differentiation in a particular anatomical microenvironment determines the pattern of macrophage-mycobacterium interaction. Thus, caution should be exercised when conclusions based upon the results obtained in a particular in vitro system are generalized to the functions of all phagocytes during M. tuberculosis infection