Rachunki wojskowe hetmana wielkiego litewskiego Pawła Jana Sapiehy z lat 1655–1662

Grand Lithuanian Hetman Paweł Jan Sapieha in 1655–1662, during the wars of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth with Moscow and Sweden, gave out of his own coffers 1,985,520 zlotys for military purposes. Most of the money was used for military hauls and the payment of wages. This was due to the reduction of tax revenues to the treasury, because large areas of the Polish-Lithuanian state were under Muscovite and Swedish occupation. The aim of this article is to analyze the military accounts of Paweł Jan Sapieha and their structure against a wide comparative background, i.e. accounts of other Lithuanian and Crown hetmans of the second half of the 17th century.Hetman wielki litewski Paweł Jan Sapieha w latach 1655–1662, w okresie wojen Rzeczypospolitej z Moskwą i Szwecją, wydał z własnej szkatuły na cele wojskowe 1,985,520 złotych. Pieniądze te zostały w większości przeznaczone na zaciągi wojskowe i wypłatę żołdu. Było to spowodowane zmniejszeniem wpływów podatkowych do skarbu, ponieważ duże obszary państwa polsko-litewskiego znalazły się pod okupacją moskiewską i szwedzką. Celem artykułu jest analiza rachunków wojskowych Sapiehy i ich struktury na szerokim tle porównawczym, tzn. rachunków innych hetmanów litewskich i koronnych drugiej połowy XVII w

Polish Agriculture under Different Policy Scenarios: Impacts on Production and Farm Income

The aim of the paper is to examine impacts of different rates of direct payments on production structures and farm incomes of Polish family farms after the accession to the EU. Analyses have been made for 2004, the assumed year of accession, with the use of a linear programming farm optimisation model. 15 farm types, further differentiated by soil quality, have been selected for the study. The modelling results show, that depending on the respective policy scenario (i.e. the rate of direct payments) the introduction of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in Poland may cause some shifts in farm production. Under the conditions of Agenda 2000 and with 25 % of direct payments, as proposed by the European Commission, farm incomes would in 2004 approximately equate the 2001/2002 base level. However, not all types of farms would benefit from the accession.EU accession, Polish Agriculture, direct payments, typical farms, farm model, Agricultural and Food Policy,

Quantum Fokker-Planck Dynamics

The Fokker-Planck equation is a partial differential equation which is a key ingredient in many models in physics. This paper aims to obtain a quantum counterpart of Fokker-Planck dynamics, as a means to describing quantum Fokker-Planck dynamics. Given that relevant models relate to the description of large systems, the quantization of the Fokker-Planck equation should be done in a manner that respects this fact, and is therefore carried out within the setting of non-commutative analysis based on general von Neumann algebras. Within this framework we present a quantization of the generalized Laplace operator, and then go on to incorporate a potential term conditioned to noncommutative analysis. In closing we then construct and examine the asymptotic behaviour of the corresponding Markov semigroups. We also present a noncommutative Csiszar-Kullback inequality formulated in terms of a notion of relative entropy, and show that for more general systems, good behaviour with respect to this notion of entropy ensures similar asymptotic behaviour of the relevant dynamics.Comment: The final version submitted to AHP. A brief account of applied quantization as well as the comprehensive description of closability of quantum Laplacian is adde

Evaluation of QoS and QoE in Mobile WIMAX – Systematic Approach

Space scienc

Chapter Evaluation of QoS and QoE in Mobile WIMAX – Systematic Approach

Space scienc