Exploring approaches to the generation and representation of heritage artefacts in video game contexts

© 2016, © 2016 University of Wollongong. Video games can allow players to explore environments, which are representative of, or contain elements of physical world cultures, for example, allowing a player to explore ancient Egypt in Pharaoh (Impressions Games, 1999, Pharaoh [PC Game]. Sierra Entertainment) or present day Chicago in Watchdogs (Ubisoft Montreal, 2014, [PlayStation 4 game] . Guildford), etc. Game designers need to make design decisions regarding how these environments are going to be represented, including which items are going to be utilized, how they are going to be used in the game, and the level of detail to which they are going to be presented. These decisions can lead to concerns regarding how particular cultures are represented. This article describes research undertaken to investigate the design process with respect to the inclusion of physical world cultures in virtual game environments. Within the study approaches used (including processes and methods) by game designers in the stages of conceptualization, design and delivery are explored. In addition, these are contextualized through an understanding of designer attitudes towards the inclusion of items with cultural meaning and their perspectives on the importance of cultural representation within video games. This involved interviewing eight video game designers from global contexts within the industry, all with the experience of generating cultural items for inclusion in video game contexts. These interviews were structured with a focus on exploring views, experiences, beliefs and motivations of the individuals and of their working teams. Analysis was carried out through the use of a methodological process of analytical induction with the coding of particular variables within each interview transcript, and the transformation of the complete set of codings into a set of conceptual statements. This article relates these conceptual statements to earlier work regarding close readings of particular video games and discusses the relationship between design processes (facilitated through the interviews) and realized game worlds (facilitated through the close readings)

Intra-Sector Firm Performance and its Determinants in the UK Construction Industry

This thesis is a detailed quantitative investigation of intra-sector firm performance in the UK construction industry. Using the value-based model and creating a conceptual tool of assessment from it comprising nine determinants, the research applies this tool to the industry. Over two decades of firm performance data in the key sectors are analysed to answer the firm’s performance question. By doing so, the thesis for the first time combines the disciplines of strategy, economics and finance to analyse the intrasector firm performance question in UK construction. A panel-based ordinary least squares (OLS) regression is the main approach. However, corrections and adjustments are made for a range of likely econometric issues including heteroscedasticity, autocorrelation, multicollinearity and cointegration. A suite of five different advanced regressions including GLS random effects and maximum likelihood estimations are implemented to validate and corroborate the OLS results. In addition, three different regressions are performed in the sample simultaneously namely in the overall industry, the three key sectors in it and in a time-based pre- and post-credit crisis splicing. Robust evidence is found for each of the nine determinants and their varied influences on profits in the UK construction industry. Among the important findings here are: evidence for a liquidity-orientated business model in large tracts of the industry; a negative leverage impact on profits only among building sector firms; and a purely positive profits function among civil engineering firms. Based on these findings, firm managers in each sector of the industry are given specific recommendations including: to avoid debt in the buildings sector; to invest systematically in technology and capital assets in the civil engineering sector; and to focus on cost leadership in the specialist trades sector. The analysis also yields important policy insights for regulators and policy think tanks. Noteworthy here are tax-based incentives for inventory management in all sectors of the industry, a technology development institute for the firms in the industry and sector-specific regulatory guidelines for the firms in the buildings sector. The thesis expands the repertoire of creative solutions for the difficult intra-sector firm performance questions of this industry

Spectrum Coordination in Energy Efficient Cognitive Radio Networks

Device coordination in open spectrum systems is a challenging problem, particularly since users experience varying spectrum availability over time and location. In this paper, we propose a game theoretical approach that allows cognitive radio pairs, namely the primary user (PU) and the secondary user (SU), to update their transmission powers and frequencies simultaneously. Specifically, we address a Stackelberg game model in which individual users attempt to hierarchically access to the wireless spectrum while maximizing their energy efficiency. A thorough analysis of the existence, uniqueness and characterization of the Stackelberg equilibrium is conducted. In particular, we show that a spectrum coordination naturally occurs when both actors in the system decide sequentially about their powers and their transmitting carriers. As a result, spectrum sensing in such a situation turns out to be a simple detection of the presence/absence of a transmission on each sub-band. We also show that when users experience very different channel gains on their two carriers, they may choose to transmit on the same carrier at the Stackelberg equilibrium as this contributes enough energy efficiency to outweigh the interference degradation caused by the mutual transmission. Then, we provide an algorithmic analysis on how the PU and the SU can reach such a spectrum coordination using an appropriate learning process. We validate our results through extensive simulations and compare the proposed algorithm to some typical scenarios including the non-cooperative case and the throughput-based-utility systems. Typically, it is shown that the proposed Stackelberg decision approach optimizes the energy efficiency while still maximizing the throughput at the equilibrium.Comment: 12 pages, 10 figures, to appear in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technolog

What is the Impact of Duplicate Coverage on the Demand for Health Care in Germany?

Duplicate coverage involves those individuals who hold compulsory health insurance with the public sector and have additional coverage with the private sector. The additional insurance covers costs for outpatient and inpatient care, income loss and hospital daily allowances. The number of persons who took out additional coverage has been steadily increased. This increase can be linked to two main factors: the shortage in the benefits package and the introduction of the reform act (January the 1st 2004). Basically, members of the public insurance sector have to make co-payment of 10 percent for all health care services and drug prescription (maximum 2 percent of the annual pre-tax income). Costs of transportation and dental prosthesis have been also excluded from the benefits package. It uses the SOEP German database for estimate an demand model for health services, given the simultaneity of the choices to take duplicate coverage and the level of health services (measured like number of visits), we estimate a negative binomial model to measure the impact of the duplicate coverage on the health service demand, we also estimate a a Full Information Maximun Loglikelihood (FIML) known in this case as an Endogenous Switching Poisson Count Model and we compare this results with the standard maximum log likelihood (ML) estimators of the negative binomial model. The Results show that there is a positive difference on the level of health services demanded when there is a duplicate coverage. We found also that there is evidence to think that in Germany there is a feedback between duplicate coverage and the demand of health services.Health care, insurance, Germany