Factors Influencing Life Insurance Market Development in Montenegro

Montenegrin insurance market is in a low level of development compared to developed countries, with dominant share of non-life insurance. There are many factors influencing the insufficient development of life insurance in Montenegro. This manuscript offers an analysis of significant factors that have important impact on life insurance products purchase. In order to prove the hypotheses established in the manuscript, based on the survey, chi square test of independency and regression analysis were carried out. Testing results showed that age structure and education as demographic factors as well as level of employment as economic factor highly influence demand for life insurance in Montenegro while there is no evidence that different trust in insurance system, gender and region influenced purchase of life insurance

Factors Influencing Life Insurance Market Development in Montenegro

Montenegrin insurance market is in a low level of development compared to developed countries, with dominant share of non-life insurance. There are many factors influencing the insufficient development of life insurance in Montenegro. This manuscript offers an analysis of significant factors that have important impact on life insurance products purchase. In order to prove the hypotheses established in the manuscript, based on the survey, chi square test of independency and regression analysis were carried out. Testing results showed that age structure and education as demographic factors as well as level of employment as economic factor highly influence demand for life insurance in Montenegro while there is no evidence that different trust in insurance system, gender and region influenced purchase of life insurance

Patients’ Fears and Perceptions Associated with Anesthesia

Background and Objectives: It has been suggested that intense feelings of fear/anxiety and significant patient concerns may affect the perioperative course. Those findings emphasize the importance of surgical patients’ preoperative feelings. Still, current knowledge in this area is based on a limited number of studies. Thus, we think that there is a need to further explore patients’ preoperative fears, better characterize risk factors and reasons for their occurrence, and evaluate patients’ perspectives associated with anesthesia. Materials and Methods: A total of 385 patients undergoing vascular surgery were preoperatively interviewed using a questionnaire that included demographics and questions related to patients’ fears and perceptions of anesthesia. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, Pearson’s χ2 and McNemar tests, and multivariate ordinal logistic regression. Results: The main causes of patients’ preoperative fear were surgery (53.2%), potential complications (46.5%), and anesthesia (40%). Female sex was a predictor of surgery and anesthesia-related fear (OR = 3.07, p = 0.001; OR = 2.4, p = 0.001, respectively). Previous experience lowered the fear of current surgery (OR = 0.65, p = 0.031) and anesthesia (OR = 0.6, p = 0.017). Type of surgery, type of anesthesia, educational and socioeconomic status, and personal knowledge of an anesthesiologist affected specific anesthesia-related fears. Over 25% of patients did not know that an anesthesiologist is a physician, and only 17.7% knew where anesthesiologists work. Level of education and place of residence influenced patients’ perceptions of anesthesia. Conclusions: Anesthesia-related fears are affected by the type of surgery/anesthesia, experience with previous surgery, and personal knowledge of an anesthesiologist. Women, patients with lower education levels, and patients with poorer socioeconomic status are at higher risk of developing those fears. The perception of anesthesiologists is inadequate, and knowledge of anesthesia is poor. Promotion of patient education regarding anesthesia is needed to alleviate those fears and increase understanding of anesthesia