The Pulp and Paper Industry and Its Water Use: A Summary

This report describes the Pulp and Paper Industry. The production processes are summarized as is this industry's dependence upon enormous quantities of water. In as much as this report is intended to summarize a very complicated, multifaceted industry, a great deal of detail has been sacrificed for brevity and for a cleaner understanding of the industry taken as a whole. The summary is in three major parts. The first concerns size and importance of the pulp and paper industry, and includes basic statistics on pulp and paper manufacture for the world, the United states and selected other countries. Second an overview of the production processes involved in the manufacture of pulp and paper, this includes the various inputs and outputs associated with this industry. The third part of the report concerns itself with one of the major outputs of this industrial process: pollution

Agricultural Water Demands: Preliminary Results of Silistra Case Study

Preliminary results of the Silistra Water for Irrigation Model (SWIM) for determining agricultural water demands in the Silistra region of Bulgaria are presented. For various areas of irrigated and non-irrigated land, and various volumes of water supply, SWIM uses linear programming to select the optimal combination of crop areas and production inputs so as to maximize annual net benefits from crop production in excess of target production quantities of each crop. Both normal and dry weather conditions are examined. The region's import-export balance is investigated for areas of irrigated land between 10,000 and 50,000 hectares, and it is shown that total costs of crop production are minimized when the region is just self-sufficient in crop production. By means of demand curves it is demonstrated that the marginal values of land and water for irrigation are greater than their unit costs of development so that it is optimal to develop irrigation to the maximum area considered by the model

Agricultural Water Demands in the Silistra Region

This paper, the ninth in the IIASA water demand series, reports on the analysis of water demands of a large agroindustrial complex in the northeastern part of Bulgaria, covering a territory of about 2,700 sq. km, with a population of some 175,000. With the aid of SWIM (Silistra Water for Irrigation Model), which was developed at IIASA, several factors that both influence agricultural production and associated water demands have been analyzed. The major goal of the Silistra complex, to maximize the total crop and livestock production within the limited regional resources, has been taken into account in the analysis. The model allows analyses to be made of substitution possibilities in agricultural production (water for fertilizers, irrigated for nonirrigated crops, one sub-region for another, and so on). The work leads ultimately to determining an economically efficient level of irrigation development

Water Demand A Selected Annotated Bibliography

Interest in water resources systems has been a critical part of resources and environment related research at IIASA since its inception. As countries undertake more and larger projects to meet their water use, the physical limitations of natural water supplies are becoming apparent. This in turn requires an increase in the degree of detail and sophistication of the analysis, including economic, social, and environmental evaluation of development alternatives aided by application of mathematical modelling techniques, to generate input for planning, design, and operational decisions. In the years 1976 and 1977 IIASA initiated a concentrated research effort focusing on modelling and forecasting of water demands. Our interest in this topic derives from the generally accepted realization that these fundamental aspects of water resources management have not been given due consideration in the past. This report, the seventh in the IIASA water demand series, consists of a selected annotated bibliography on water demand literature which came about as a result of IIASA's study on water demands

Supply-Demand Price Coordination in Water Resources Management

A scheme is proposed for the coordination by prices of water supplies and demands in a region. The objective is to maximize the total regional net benefit from water use and it is achieved when the marginal benefit at each demand point is equal to the marginal cost of delivering water to that point. The class of problems to which the scheme can be applied is determined from the graph of the network connecting supplies and demands. An example is presented in which the scheme is applied to analyze possible interbasin water transfers in the Northwest Water Plan in Mexico

Forecasting Water Use in Texas Cities

U.S. Department of the Interior Geological SurveyCenter for Water and the Environmen

Forecasting Municipal Water Use During a Drought: A Case Study of Deerfield Beach, Florida

South Florida Water Management District Contract No. 4-FCD-228002-302Center for Water and the Environmen

A Diffusion Theory for Stochastic Storage Analysis

U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Project No. 14-08-001-G1318Center for Water and the Environmen

Site Code: A Knowledge-Based Model of Municipal Site Development Regulations

National Science Foundation Grant MSM-8717452Center for Water and the Environmen