Impact the Knowledge Gap in the Relationship Between the Repercussions of Armed Conflict and Between of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) An Applied Study in the Yemeni Community Faculties

This study aims to determine the extent of the impact of the relationship when the knowledge gap mediates between the ramifications of conflict and outputs quality Technical and Vocational Education and Training TVET, and to verify the implications of the armed conflict directly and indirectly of in TVET outputs quality in Yemen. This study was based on a mixed methodology quantitative and qualitative. The quantitative study sample was taken in a probabilistic way. The sample consists of (615) respondents, including (60) teachers, (66) employees, and (489) students. Exploratory Factor Analysis EFA was performed used SPSS. The was used Program AMOS to perform confirmatory factor analysis CFA, and by the structural equation modeling (SEM) was analyzed the path of relations between the study variables, checking all kinds of validity, and compound reliability. The qualitative study relied on interviews with (15) academics and employees who are affiliated with TVET and They act represent 3 them focus groups. The study concluded the following results: There is a direct negative relationship between the knowledge gap and TVET outputs quality. This relationship decreases when the knowledge gap mediates between the Ramifications of conflict and TVET outputs quality. and this means that the mediator here is a partial mediator. The results of the study also showed a direct positive relationship between the repercussions of armed conflicts and the knowledge gap

SERS-based detection of haptoglobin in ovarian cyst fluid as a point-of-care diagnostic assay for epithelial ovarian cancer

Purpose: To evaluate haptoglobin (Hp) in ovarian cyst fluid as a diagnostic biomarker for epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs) using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based in vitro diagnostic assay for use in an intraoperative setting. Methods: SERS-based method was used to detect and quantify Hp in archived ovarian cyst fluids collected from suspicious ovarian cysts and differentiate benign tumors from EOCs. The diagnostic performance of SERS-based assay was verified against the histopathology conclusions and compared with the results of CA125 test and frozen sections. Results: Hp concentration present in the clinical cyst fluid measured by SERS was normalized to 3.3 mg/mL of standard Hp. Normalized mean values for patients with benign cysts were 0.65 (n=57) and malignant cysts were 1.85 (n=54), demonstrating a significantly (P<0.01) higher Hp in malignant samples. Verified against histology, Hp measurements using SERS had a sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 91%. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of SERS-based Hp measurements resulted in area under the curve of 0.966±0.03, establishing the robustness of the method. CA125 test on the same set of patients had a sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 90%, while frozen section analysis on 65 samples had 100% sensitivity and specificity. Conclusion: With a total execution time of <10 minutes and consistent performance across different stages of cancer, the SERS-based Hp detection assay can serve as a promising intraoperative EOC diagnostic test.National Medical Research Council (NMRC), Singapore; Bio-Medical Research Council of Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), and the NHIC Innovation to Develop (I2D

SERS-based quantitative detection of ovarian cancer prognostic factor haptoglobin

Jayakumar Perumal,1 Ghayathri Balasundaram,1 Aniza P Mahyuddin,2 Mahesh Choolani,2 Malini Olivo1,3 1Bio-Optical Imaging Group, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Helios, Singapore; 2Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; 3School of Physics, National University Ireland, Galway, Ireland Abstract: Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is increasingly being used for biosensing because of its high sensitivity and low detection limit, which are made possible by the unique Raman &lsquo;fingerprint&rsquo; spectra from the biomolecules. Here we propose a novel SERS method for the fast, sensitive, and reliable quantitative analysis of haptoglobin (Hp), an acute phase plasma glycoprotein that is widely gaining application as a prognostic ovarian cancer biomarker. We exploited the peroxidase activity of the hemoglobin&ndash;haptoglobin (Hb&ndash;Hp) complex formed by the selective and specific binding of Hp to free Hb to catalyze the reaction of 3,3&#39;,5,5&#39;-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrate and hydrogen peroxide to result in the final product of strongly SERS-active TMB2+. We observed a linear increase in the SERS signal of TMB2+ with increasing concentrations of Hb&ndash;Hp complex from 50 nM to 34 &micro;M. Based on this concentration-dependent SERS spectrum, we quantified Hp in clinical samples. We observed that our inference about the prognosis of the disease coincided with the histology data and that our method was much more sensitive than the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Keywords: SERS-based biosensing, hemoglobin&ndash;haptoglobin complex, ovarian cancer, biomarker detection, 3,3&#39;,5,5&#39;-tetramethylbenzidine, peroxidase active substrate

SERS-based detection of haptoglobin in ovarian cyst fluid as a point-of-care diagnostic assay for epithelial ovarian cancer

Jayakumar Perumal,1,* Aniza Puteri Mahyuddin,2,* Ghayathri Balasundaram,1,* Douglas Goh,1 Chit Yaw Fu,1 Agne Kazakeviciute,1,3 US Dinish,1 Mahesh Choolani,2 Malini Olivo1 1Laboratory of Bio-optical Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore; 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; 3Department of Mathematics, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK *These authors contributed equally to this work Purpose: To evaluate haptoglobin (Hp) in ovarian cyst fluid as a diagnostic biomarker for epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs) using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based in vitro diagnostic assay for use in an intraoperative setting. Methods: SERS-based method was used to detect and quantify Hp in archived ovarian cyst fluids collected from suspicious ovarian cysts and differentiate benign tumors from EOCs. The diagnostic performance of SERS-based assay was verified against the histopathology conclusions and compared with the results of CA125 test and frozen sections. Results: Hp concentration present in the clinical cyst fluid measured by SERS was normalized to 3.3 mg/mL of standard Hp. Normalized mean values for patients with benign cysts were 0.65 (n=57) and malignant cysts were 1.85 (n=54), demonstrating a significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher Hp in malignant samples. Verified against histology, Hp measurements using SERS had a sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 91%. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of SERS-based Hp measurements resulted in area under the curve of 0.966&plusmn;0.03, establishing the robustness of the method. CA125 test on the same set of patients had a sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 90%, while frozen section analysis on 65 samples had 100% sensitivity and specificity. Conclusion: With a total execution time of&nbsp;&lt;10 minutes and consistent performance across&nbsp;different stages of cancer, the SERS-based Hp detection assay can serve as a promising intraoperative&nbsp;EOC diagnostic test.&nbsp; Keywords: surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, haptoglobin, epithelial ovarian cancer, ovarian cyst fluid, point-of-care diagnostic