Handwritten Odia Digits Recognition Using Residual Neural Network

Handwritten digit recognition is a highly evolved research domain of pattern recognition. Handwritten digits are segmented first and then they are classified using the handwritten digit recognition technique. The Odia script is one of the writing systems in Odisha. In this paper, an efficient Handwritten Odia numeral digit recognition using ResNet is proposed. Deep learning is a recent research trend in this field. Architectures like Residual neural Networks (ResNet) are being used for classification. ResNet is an architecture that is computationally expensive and normally used to provide high accuracy in classification problems. The structural design of the network consists of sacks of two convolutional (Conyv2D) layers with Batch Normalization and an activation function called Relu. Weevaluated our scheme on 4970 handwritten samples of Odia numerals from the ISI database and from the experiment we have achieved 99.20% recognition rate

A Brief Review on Text and Image CAPTCHA

Nowadays, security is a major concern and has garnered foremost attention in recent years as a result of the Internet's evident impact on all facets of human life. To provide an appropriate level of security, the Completely Automated Public Turing Test to Tell Computer and Human Apart, or simply CAPTCHA, has been designed for circumstances when bots must be prevented from performing a specific action, such as signing up and downloading. At the same time, it should be designed in such a way that people can execute the same action. Despite its many benefits, there are several major concerns about security, usability, and accessibility that make its use contentious. Inthis work, we attempted to provide a comprehensive analysis of many features and the state-of-the-art of CAPTCHA in general, as well as its alternatives in particular, to assist researchers in focusing on specific concerns to propose new solutions and ideas. With the advancement of CAPTCHA development, variousschemes of text-based and image-based CAPTCHAs have been described and compared. Furthermore, numerous proposed methods are used to classify and evaluate various sorts of CAPTCHA alternatives. This analysis could be useful in future studies aimed at developing new strategies for addressing current flaws

Disavowing 'the' prison

This chapter confronts the idea of ‘the’ prison, that is, prison as a fixed entity. However hard we, that is, prison scholars including ourselves, seek to deconstruct and critique specific aspects of confinement, there is a tendency to slip into a default position that envisions the prison as something given and pre-understood. When it comes to prison our imagination seems to clog up. It is the political solution to its own failure, and the preferred metaphor for its own representation

Synthesis of mesoporous MCM-48 with nanodispersed metal and metal oxide particles inside the pore system

Mesoporöses MCM-48 wurde konventionell hydrothermal u. mikrowellen-hydrothermal hergestellt. Durch Tauchimprägnierung in Lösungen organischer Metallsalze u. nachfolgender Kalzinierung wurden Metalloxid-beladene mesoporöse Silicas erhalten. Mit verschiedenen Charakterisierungstechniken wurde nachgewiesen, dass d. Metalloxide in Porensystem eingebaut vorliegen, jedoch in unterschiedlicher Struktur. Aus wässrigen Lösungen wurden CuO-Partikel erhalten, während ZnO offensichtlich zu einer Reaktion mit d. Wand der Matrix führte. Auf der metallorganischen Route gelang es auch ZnO partikulär ins Porensystem einzubauen. D. Struktur der eingebauten TiO$_{2}$-Partikel wurde mit Hilfe d. UV-vis-Spektroskopie, d. EXAFS- u. XANES-Spektroskopie analysiert. D. TiO$_{2}$-Nanopartikel weisen mehr als eine Koordinationssphäre auf u. ähneln fehlgeordneten Rutil-Kristalliten. Gold-Nanopartikel von kleiner 3 nm Größe wurden in TiO$_{2}$-MCM-48 eingebaut. D. Composit-Material zeigt katalytische Aktivität bei d. CO-Oxidation.Mesoporous MCM-48 was synthesized using hydrothermal as well as microwave heating technique. Dip wet impregnation of calcined MCM-48 with metal salt solution and subsequent calcination led to the incorporation of metal oxides inside the mesopore system. Different characterization techniques showed that the oxides were inside. Aqueous route led to formation of CuO particles but ZnO seemed to have coated the channel wall. However, ZnO-MCM-48 prepared by the organometallic route led to the formation of ZnO particles. The structure and size of the titania particles were characterized with UV-vis, XANES and EXAFS spectroscopies. The titania particles ($\sim$ 2 nm) after successive loading, showed more than one coordination environment, including resemblance with the structure of bulk rutile-TiO$_{2}$. Au nanoparticles with $\sim$3 nm crystal size were introduced inside TiO$_{2}$ loaded MCM-48 support. Au/TiO$_{2}$-MCM-48 material showed catalytic activity in CO oxidation

Efficient cycloaddition of carbon dioxide with epoxide to produce five-membered cyclic carbonates by amine-functionalized silicoaluminophosphates molecular sieves

The synthesis of functionalized microporous materials as very effective catalysts is a significant and rapidly increasing research topic with the goal for providing more efficient energy alternatives and contributing to the reduction of atmospheric CO2 levels. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that traps heat in the atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. SAPO-5 and SAPO-34 molecular sieves were post-synthetically –NH2 functionalized, and the existence of –NH2 functionalities in the SAPO structure wall was demonstrated by FT-IR, CHN analysis. Powder XRD confirmed the crystalline structures of the modified SAPO-34 materials with amine functionalities. FE-SEM examined the morphology of the materials. The functionalized silicoaluminophosphate materials were investigated in the cyclo-addition of CO2 to epoxide (cyclohexene oxide and styrene oxide), where the catalytic performance of post-synthetically functionalized materials as catalyst were found to be superior. The amine group of the silicoaluminophosphates materials were essential for the activation of CO2. For treated SAPO-34, reactant conversion in cyclohexene oxide and styrene oxide was reported to be 94% and 93%, respectively. Because of the high recyclability of these materials, the catalysts are found to be both cost-effective and environmentally benign

Physical and sensory characteristics of low fat dairy dessert (Rasogolla) fortified with natural source of β- carotene

757-763Rasogolla (a white color ping pong like juicy ball prepared by boiling mashed fresh cheese or cottage cheese ball in concentrated sugar syrup) fortified with carrot paste (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% levels named as sample CRA, CRB, CRC, CRD and CRE respectively), were developed and then compared to conventional Rasogolla taken as control by both sensory and instrumental analysis. All 5-type carrot Rasogolla were similar to control in respect of moisture, sucrose and ash but differed in fat and protein content. Textures of carrot Rasogolla were similar to control in terms of elasticity and cohesiveness. A trained panel found that carrot Rasogolla (CRA, CRB, and CRC) was more acceptable than CRD, CRE or control Rasogolla. Carrot Rasogolla CRC possesses highest β-carotene level. Rasogolla fortified with carrot could be a valuable addition to indigenous dairy products

A comparative study of non-conventional coagulants vis-a-vis traditional coagulant on chhana (an acid and heat coagulated product from milk)

995-999Three non-conventional, low cost, food grade organic acids (acetic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid) were effectively used as coagulant at three different concentrations (0.5, 1 and 2%) in the manufacture of chhana (a heat and acid coagulated milk protein mass and an Indian equivalent to cottage cheese) as substitute for sour whey. Chhana prepared by all type of coagulants including sour whey were found similar in quality. Concentrations (0.5 and 1%) of three acids produced higher yield than sour whey. Fumaric acid (all conc.), tartaric acid (1 & 2%) and acetic acid (2%) gave higher total solid recovery than sour whey. Chhana made by three acids (1 & 2%) contained higher fat and protein than chhana made by sour whey. The three organic acid coagulants produced little bit hardy, chewy, gummy, elastic and cohesive chhana than sour whey but that chhana could be better utilized for making dry chhana sweets. All three organic acid coagulants (1<span style="mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-language: HI">%) were effectively used in the manufacture of chhana as substitute for sour whey. </span