Good Governance as A Common Goal of Public Law and Development

Although development in the contemporary century is a simple and comprehensive concept, theoretically, has different economic, social, cultural dimensions. The question is which of these dimensions are more related to public law and what are the components of this relationship? Governance is at the heart of public law and the center of political development simultaneously. Governance is a step-by-step issue that begins with the issue of the legitimacy of the political unit as the first common point of public law and development and continues to other principles of good governance. The crisis of legitimacy itself is one of the development strategies and public law helps to solve it through its instruments so a country gets the necessary stability to achieve other dimensions of development. In the next step, the concept of good governance is introduced as another common goal. The principles of good governance are not only political goal of development buy also they are legal principles at the same time, and the more the governance of a country has these principles, the richer the public law in that country is, and such a country has political development. What this study shows is that good governance is not only a presumption to economic and social development, but also It is a developmental goal that public law paves the way for through its tools

Increased Serum Levels of IL-1β after Ischemic Stroke are Inversely Associated with Vitamin D

Background: The initial inflammatory reaction starts following occlusion in ischemic stroke (IS). Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine with a crucial role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders.Objective: To investigate the levels of IL-1β and vitamin D (VitD) in patients with IS compared with controls and their correlation.Methods: The serum level of 25-OH VitD and IL-1β was assessed in 102 IS patients (0-24 h after stroke) and 102 controls with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit.Results: We found a significant increase in IL-1β (80.14±6.8 vs. 60.32±4.1 pg/ml, p<0.05) and a decrease in VitD level (24.3±1.4 vs. 29.9±1.5 ng/ml, p<0.01) in the IS patients compared with the controls. There was a significantly positive correlation between the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and IL-1β according to both the Spearman correlation (r=0.35, p=0.0003) and the linear regression (beta=0.255, p=0.014). Also, a significant negative association between VitD and NIHSS was detected by the Spearman correlation (r=-0.41, p<0.0001) and the linear regression (beta=-0.381, p=0.000). Moreover, we found a significant negative correlation (r=-0.26, p=0.006) between the serum levels of VitD and IL-1β in the patient group.Conclusion: Ischemic stroke correlates positively with IL-1β and negatively with VitD levels. The speculated role of VitD deficiency in the evolution and severity of stroke may be justified by its role in the modification of inflammation

The Hospitalization Rate of Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis before and during COVID-19 Pandemic Era: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study

Objectives: There are several reports of the association between SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). In this study, we aimed to compare the hospitalization rate of CVST before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (before vaccination program). Materials and methods: In this retrospective cohort study, the hospitalization rate of adult CVST patients in Namazi hospital, a tertiary referral center in the south of Iran, was compared in two periods of time. We defined March 2018 to March 2019 as the pre-COVID-19 period and March 2020 to March 2021 as the COVID-19 period. Results: 50 and 77 adult CVST patients were hospitalized in the pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 periods, respectively. The crude CVST hospitalization rate increased from 14.33 in the pre-COVID-19 period to 21.7 per million in the COVID-19 era (P = 0.021). However, after age and sex adjustment, the incremental trend in hospitalization rate was not significant (95% CrI: -2.2, 5.14). Patients \u3e 50-year-old were more often hospitalized in the COVID-19 period (P = 0.042). SARS-CoV-2 PCR test was done in 49.3% out of all COVID-19 period patients, which were positive in 6.5%. Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score ≥3 at three-month follow-up was associated with age (P = 0.015) and malignancy (P = 0.014) in pre-COVID period; and was associated with age (P = 0.025), altered mental status on admission time (P\u3c0.001), malignancy (P = 0.041) and COVID-19 infection (P = 0.008) in COVID-19 period. Conclusion: Since there was a more dismal outcome in COVID-19 associated CVST, a high index of suspicion for CVST among COVID-19 positive is recommended

The Theory of Exceptionalism Facing the Theory of Balance

The concepts of right and expediency are two of the concepts that have been governed over political, ethical, legal and social discourses in the most of countries. However, due to the heterogeneity of the protection of the individual's rights requirements and the improvement of the general interest, the appearing of an extent of conflict between these rights and those interests is inevitable. The researchers with various viewpoints about relationship between right and public interest have presented different solutions for such a conflict. Some of them have presented the idea of right authority and insisted on priority of rights and some other have regarded the public interest as a superior consideration. Some of resent theorists— by introducing the theory of exceptionalism— have insisted on this idea that we are facing the “normalization of emergency conditions” specially since 9/11 and asked for offering more authority to the state in order to restrict the rights while believing that public interests have precedence over the individual’s rights and freedoms. In this essay, we will attempt to criticise the theory of exceptionalism and then introduce the theory of balance as a convergent theory about relationship between individual rights and collective interests

Reconsideration of the Interest of State Doctrine in the Light of Balance Theory

"Rights" and "Public Interest" are among the key elements of political , legal , ethical and social discourse in almost any society around the world including the contemporary legal and political discourse of Iran. Meanwhile, societies inevitably have certain reciprocal tensions resulting from diversities in their ethical believes and contradictory claims. That is why theorists in political philosophy and modern law have strived towards advancing solutions to such controversial strains. To name a few, Hobbes and Hegel have theorized the notion of State Interest, recognizing the interest of a limited number of governors as public interest, based on which they privileged it over individual rights and freedom of citizens. Granting, devesting , dispensing or restriction of any sort of individual rights they maintained could only be realized under the auspices of the same . This theory has its own advocates and critics in Shiiat world .Shaikh Mofid and Shaikh Toosi are among the proponents whereas Shaikh Ansari and Imam Khomeini fall under the category of opponents. In this paper, after introducing State Interest doctrine, we shall later review the misconceptions and practical challenges around the concept in light of Balance theory as a convergent theory in the relation between individual rights and public interest

Plant-derived natural medicines for the management of osteoporosis: A comprehensive review of clinical trials

Background: Osteoporosis is a chronic and systemic skeletal disease that is defined by low bone mineral density (BMD) along with an increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture. This study aimed to overview clinical evidence on the use of herbal medicine for management of osteoporosis. Methods: Electronic databases including Pubmed, Medline, Cochrane library, and Scopus were searched until November 2022 for any clinical studies on the efficacy and/or safety of plant-derived medicines in the management of osteoporosis. Results: The search yielded 57 results: 19 on single herbs, 16 on multi-component herbal preparations, and 22 on plant-derived secondary metabolites. Risk of fracture, bone alkaline phosphatase, BMD, and specific bone biomarkers are investigated outcomes in these studies. Medicinal plants including Acanthopanax senticosus, Actaea racemosa, Allium cepa, Asparagus racemosus, Camellia sinensis, Cissus quadrangularis, Cornus mas, Nigella sativa, Olea europaea, Opuntia ficus-indica, Pinus pinaster, Trifolium pretense and phytochemicals including isoflavones, ginsenoside, Epimedium prenyl flavonoids, tocotrienols are among plant-derived medicines clinically investigated on osteoporosis. It seems that multi-component herbal preparations were more effective than single-component ones; because of the synergistic effects of their constituents. The investigated herbal medicines demonstrated their promising results in osteoporosis via targeting different pathways in bone metabolism, including balancing osteoblasts and osteoclasts, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and estrogen-like functions. Conclusion: It seems that plant-derived medicines have beneficial effects on bone and may manage osteoporosis by affecting different targets and pathways involved in osteoporosis; However, Future studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness and safety of these preparations

Effectiveness of treatment based on parent-child interaction with virtual education method on the executive functions of students with hyperactivity and attention deficit disorder

Background and purpose: People with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are characterized by hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention. The present study was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of parent-child interaction therapy with virtual education method on the executive functions of students with hyperactivity and attention deficit disorder. Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental, with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the study was all children aged 10 to 12 years in the 19th district of Tehran in 2021 who were suffering from hyperactivity and attention deficit. The sample size of 30 people was determined by the purposeful sampling method, this number of people was divided into two groups by the matching method, the number of each group was 15 people, and an experimental group received treatment based on parent-child interaction through virtual training. And the control group did not receive any treatment program. The research tool was the executive functions questionnaire of Gerard et al. (2000). The method of data analysis was univariate and multivariate covariance analysis and Spss.22 software. Results: The findings of the research showed that the treatment based on parent-child interaction with the virtual education method is effective on the executive functions of students with hyperactivity and attention deficit (p<0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the treatment based on parent-child interaction with the virtual education method can be effective in improving the executive functions of students with hyperactivity and attention deficit disorder

Correlation of Nurses’ Quality of Working Life and Job Satisfaction in Teaching Hospitals of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences

Introduction: Nurses are considered as the major part of the human resources of the health system. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between quality of working life and job satisfaction of nurses in teaching hospitals of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Methods: The study is descriptive-analytic. A total of 269 nurses from Hamadan hospitals were randomly selected. The collection tools were two job satisfaction questionnaires and quality of working life with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 94.9 and 81 respectively. Data were analyzed by SPSS21 using t-test, ANOVA and Chi-square test. Results: Findings showed that there is a significant relationship between quality of working life and job satisfaction (P<0.05). The results also showed that there is a meaningful relationship between the job satisfaction from the perspective of salaries and benefits (P<0.05), job promotion. But there are no significant relationships with other dimensions such as, the nature of the work, supervisor, and relationships with colleague and job promotion. There was a significant relationship between working life and job satisfaction (P=0.001). Conclusion: The results indicated that there is a significant and stable relationship between job satisfaction and quality of working life of nurses in the studied population. Therefore, the attention of policymakers, health system planners and hospital managers to the key needs of nurses, such as increasing salaries and benefits, job security, job promotion and fair evaluation can play an important role in increasing job satisfaction and improving the quality of working life of nurses

Cross-talk between the HPA axis and addiction-related regions in stressful situations

Addiction is a worldwide problem that has a negative impact on society by imposing significant costs on health care, public security, and the deactivation of the community economic cycle. Stress is an important risk factor in the development of addiction and relapse vulnerability. Here we review studies that have demonstrated the diverse roles of stress in addiction. Term searches were conducted manually in important reference journals as well as in the Google Scholar and PubMed databases, between 2010 and 2022. In each section of this narrative review, an effort has been made to use pertinent sources. First, we will provide an overview of changes in the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis component following stress, which impact reward-related regions including the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc). Then we will focus on internal factors altered by stress and their effects on drug addiction vulnerability. We conclude that alterations in neuro-inflammatory, neurotrophic, and neurotransmitter factors following stress pathways can impact related mechanisms on craving and relapse susceptibility