The Modified Quadrature Method for solving Volterra Linear Integral Equations

In this paper the modified trapezoidal rule is presented for solving Volterra linear Integral Equations (V.I.E) of the second kind and we noticed that this procedure is effective in solving the equations. Two examples are given with their comparison tables to answer the validity of the procedure

Hepatoprotective Effects of Orthosiphon stamineus Extract on Thioacetamide-Induced Liver Cirrhosis in Rats

Orthosiphon stamineus as medicinal plant is commonly used in Malaysia for treatment of hepatitis and jaundice; in this study, the ethanol extracts were applied to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects in a thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxic model in Sprague Dawley rats. Five groups of adult rats were arranged as follows: Group 1 (normal control group), Group 2 Thioacetamide (TAA) as positive control (hepatotoxic group), Group 3 Silymarin as a well-known standard drug (hepatoprotective group), and Groups 4 and 5 as high and low dose (treatment groups). After 60-day treatment, all rats were sacrificed. The hepatotoxic group showed a coarse granulation on the liver surface when compared to the smooth aspect observed on the liver surface of the other groups. Histopathological study confirmed the result; moreover, there was a significant increase in serum liver biochemical parameters (ALT, AST, ALP, and Bilirubin) and the level of liver Malondialdehyde (MDA), accompanied by a significant decrease in the level of total protein and Albumin in the TAA control group when compared with that of the normal group. The high-dose treatment group (200 mg/kg) significantly restored the elevated liver function enzymes near to normal. This study revealed that 200 mg/kg extracts of O. stamineus exerted a hepatoprotective effect

Effect of oral administration of ethanolic extract of Vitex negundo on thioacetamide-induced nephrotoxicity in rats

BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress due to abnormal induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) molecules is believed to be involved in the etiology of many diseases. Evidences suggest that ROS is involved in nephrotoxicity through frequent exposure to industrial toxic agents such as thioacetamide (TAA). The current investigation was designed to explore the possible protective effects of the leaves of Vitex negundo(VN) extract against TAA-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. METHODS: Twenty four Sprague Dawleyrats were divided into four groups: (A) Normal control, (B) TAA (0.03% w/v in drinking water), (C) VN100 (VN 100 mg/kg + TAA) and (D) VN300 (VN 300 mg/kg + TAA). Blood urea and serum creatinine levels were measured,supraoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of renal tissue were assayed. Histopathological analysis together with the oxidative stress nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase p22phox in kidney sections were examined in all experimental groups. RESULTS: Blood urea and serum creatinine levels were increased in TAA group as a result of the nephrotoxicity compared to the VN100 and VN300 groups where, the levels were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Renal MDA level was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the VN-treated groups with increased CAT and SOD activities compared to the TAA group. Light microscopic examination of renal tissues stained by H&E stain and Masson’s Trichrome for TAA-treated groups revealed severe histopathological changes, whereas specimens obtained from VN-treated groups showed only mild changes. These findings were supported by immunohistochemical results. CONCLUSIONS: VN extract acts as a natural potent antioxidant to prevent ongoing TAA-induced nephrotoxicity in rats, both biochemically and morphologically

Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Zingiber Officinale Rhizomes Aqueous Extract and its Gastroprotective Activity Against Ethanol-Produced Stomach Ulcer in Rodents

Synthesis of gold nanoparticles exhibition wide range of bioactivities and was conventionally used for the remedy of numerous disorders. Our study aims to measure the gastroprotective effect of synthesized gold nanoparticles on absolute ethanol-induced stomach ulceration in rats. The rats were noticeably administered with two doses of gold nanoparticles (175 ppm and 350 ppm) with absolute alcohol and&nbsp;showed a significant improvement in the adverse effect of ethanol-produced stomach damage as confirmed by decreasing ulcer index&nbsp;and raising % of ulcer prevention. Increased mucus pH of stomach content reduced ulcerated portion, condensed or nonappearance of&nbsp;edema, and white blood cells permeation subcutaneous layer. In gastric tissue homogenate, synthesized gold nanoparticles presented&nbsp;a substantial increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) actions, and a substantial lessening of malondialdehyde (MDA)&nbsp;amount. Besides, gold nanoparticle increases the intensity of periodic acid Schiff stained (PAS) of the gastric epithelium of the stomach.&nbsp;Gold nanoparticles confirmed gastro-protective effects which might be qualified to its antioxidant, increase mucus secretion, increase&nbsp;endogenous enzymes (SOD and CAT), and reduce MDA quantity

3,4,5-Trihydr­oxy-N′-(1H-indol-2-ylmethyl­idene)benzohydrazide–1H-indole-2-carbaldehyde azine–methanol (2/1/2)

The title compound, 2C16H13N3O4·C18H14N4·2CH4O, was crystallized from the reaction between 3,4,5-trihydroxy­benzoyl­hydrazine and indole-2-carbaldehyde in a mixture of ethanol and methanol. The compound is a stoichiometric 2:1 cocrystal of the methanol-solvated reaction product, 3,4,5-trihydr­oxy-N′-(1H-indol-2-ylmethyl­idene)benzohydrazide and 1H-indole-2-carbaldehyde azine that arose unexpectedly during the synthesis. The former mol­ecules are linked by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and also by π–π stacking inter­actions between benzoyl­hydrazide rings into a two-dimensional network. The methanol solvent mol­ecules are hydrogen bonded to this network. The centrosymmetric azine mol­ecules are not engaged in hydrogen bonding

Wound Healing Activities of Rafflesia Hasseltii Extract in Rats

The effects of topical application of Rafflesia hasseltii buds and flowers extract on the rate of wound healing and histology of healed wound were assessed. Four groups of adult male Sprague Dawley rats were experimentally wounded in the posterior neck area. A thin layer of blank placebo was applied topically to wounds of Group 1 rats. Wounds of experimental animals (Group 2 and 3) were treated with placebo containing 5% and 10% R. hasseltii buds extract, respectively. A thin layer of Intrasite gel was applied topically to wounds of Group 4 animals as reference. Macroscopically, wounds treated with placebo containing 5% and 10% R. hasseltii buds extract or Intrasite gel have been significantly accelerated the rate of wound healing compared to placebo-treated wounds. Histological analysis of healed wounds has confirmed this effect. Wounds treated with placebo containing 5%, 10% R. hasseltii buds extract or Intrasite gel showed markedly less scar width at wound enclosure and granulating tissue contained markedly more collagen and proliferating fibroblasts, but with the absence of inflammatory cells compared to wounds treated with blank placebo. In conclusion, the findings of increased rate of wound closure and contraction together with the histological findingssuggest that Rafflesia hasseltii buds extract is very effective in accelerating the wound healing process

N′-[1-(5-Bromo-2-hydroxy­phen­yl)ethyl­idene]-3,4,5-trihydroxy­benzohydrazide dimethyl sulfoxide solvate trihydrate

The benzohydrazide mol­ecule in the title compound, C15H13BrN2O5·C2H6OS·3H2O, is almost planar with an r.m.s. deviation for the non-H atoms of 0.078 Å. The organic mol­ecules, water and dimethyl sulfoxide solvent mol­ecules are linked by N—H⋯O, O—H⋯O and O—H⋯S inter­molecular hydrogen bonds, forming zigzag chains along the a axis. Intra­molecular O—H⋯O and O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds also occur

A second monoclinic polymorph of 2-(diformyl­methyl­idene)-3,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indole

The crystal structure of the title compound, C13H13NO2, is a polymorph of the structure first reported by Helliwell et al. [Acta Cryst. (2006), E62, o737-o738]. It is also monoclinic (space group P21/c), but with completely different cell constants. The mol­ecular conformations of these polymorphs differ by a 180° rotation of one formyl group. The present mol­ecule is planar [maximum deviation 0.089 (2) Å] with the exception of the two methyl groups which lie on either side of the plane. There are strong intra- and inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The latter link pairs of mol­ecules across crystallographic centers of symmetry. Two aldehyde O atoms are brought close together [2.896 (4) Å in this arrangement but are not hydrogen bonded. In the earlier polymorph, one formyl group is rotated by 180° to yield inter­molecular hydrogen bonding and an infinite polymeric chain. The other formyl group is involved in the same intra­molecular hydrogen bonding as has been found here

Bis(pyridine-κN){N 2,N 2′-[1,1′-(pyridine-2,6-di­yl)diethyl­idyne]benzene­sulfono­hydrazonato-κ5 O,N,N′,N′′,O′}nickel(II)

In the crystal structure of the title compound, [Ni(C21H19N5O4S2)(C5H5N)2], the metal center is seven-coordinate, with an approximate penta­gonal-bipyramidal configuration. The Ni atom is chelated by a dianionic penta­dentate Schiff base via the pyridine N atom, the two azomethine N atoms and the two sulfonyl O atoms. The latter coordinate to Ni at different distances, viz. 2.3337 (12) and 2.7988 (12) Å. Two apically coordinated pyridine mol­ecules complete the seven-coordin­ate geometry. The dihedral angle between the two pyridine ring planes is 68.25 (6)°

N′-(2,4-Dimethoxy­benzyl­idene)-3,4,5-trihydroxy­benzohydrazide ethanol solvate

The title compound, C16H16N2O6·C2H5OH, was synthesized from 3,4,5-trihydroxy­benzoyl­hydrazide and 2,4-dimethoxy­benzaldehyde in ethanol. The compound is not planar, with the two aromatic planes of the two aromatic rings twisted by 15.6 (1)°. The hydr­oxy groups are involved in both intra­molecular O—H⋯O and inter­molecular O—H⋯N and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and a C—H⋯O interaction also occurs