Rural-urban dynamics in the UK illegal puppy trade: Trafficking and trade in 'man's best friend'

Recently, much attention has been given to the presence and increase of transnational crime, particularly focusing on online illicit markets. A seldom-explored aspect of transnational online illicit markets is the rural to urban flow of the illicit goods. This paper details research on the UK puppy trade, documenting the movement of puppies reared in irresponsible and/or illegal conditions in rural locations and then advertised online for the urban market. Through analysis of online advertisements in Scotland and expert interviews, a stakeholder survey, and focus groups across Great Britain, we document the rural-urban dynamic of an overlooked transnational illicit market, a market facilitated by neo-liberalism and speciesism. While estimates on the value of the trade are problematic, the snapshot of online sales in Scotland alone suggests a marketplace with an annual value of at least £13 million (17,680 puppies). The cost of animal suffering associated with this trade is incalculable. Awareness must be raised and regulatory enforcement improved to reduce suffering and stop transnational criminals from profiting. This rural-urban dynamic presents a global challenge and demands an international response

Physiological responses to moderate intensity continuous and high-intensity interval exercise in persons with paraplegia

Randomized crossover. To test differences in the duration and magnitude of physiological response to isocaloric moderate intensity continuous (MICE) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) sessions in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). Academic medical center in Miami, FL, USA. Ten adult men (mean ± s.d.; 39 ± 10 year old) with chronic (13.2 ± 8.8 year) paraplegia (T2-T10) completed a graded exercise test. Then, in a randomized order, participants completed MICE and HIIE for a cost of 120 kcal. MICE was performed at 24.6% PO . During HIIE, exercise was completed in 2 min work and recovery phases at 70%:10% PO . MICE and HIIE were isocaloric (115.9 ± 21.8 and 116.6 ± 35.0 kcal, respectively; p = 0.903), but differed in duration (39.8 ± 4.6 vs 32.2 ± 6.2 min; p < 0.001) and average respiratory exchange ratio (RER; 0.90 ± 0.08 vs 1.01 ± 0.07; p = 0.002). During MICE, a workrate of 24.6 ± 6.7% PO elicited a V̇O of 53.1 ± 6.5% V̇O (10.1 ± 2.2 ml kg  min ). During HIIE, a workrate at 70% PO elicited 88.3 ± 6.7% V̇O (16.9 ± 4.2 ml kg  min ), and 29.4 ± 7.7% of the session was spent at or above 80% V̇O . During HIIE working phase, RER declined from the first to last interval (1.08 ± 0.07 vs 0.98 ± 0.09; p < 0.001), reflecting an initially high but declining glycolytic rate. Compared with MICE, HIIE imposed a greater physiological stimulus while requiring less time to achieve a target caloric expenditure. Thus, exercise intensity might be an important consideration in the tailoring of exercise prescription to address the cardiometabolic comorbidities of SCI

Physiological responses to moderate intensity continuous and high-intensity interval exercise in persons with paraplegia

Study design: Randomized crossover. Objectives: To test differences in the duration and magnitude of physiological response to isocaloric moderate intensity continuous (MICE) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) sessions in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). Setting: Academic medical center in Miami, FL, USA. Methods: Ten adult men (mean ± s.d.; 39 ± 10 year old) with chronic (13.2 ± 8.8 year) paraplegia (T2–T10) completed a graded exercise test. Then, in a randomized order, participants completed MICE and HIIE for a cost of 120 kcal. MICE was performed at 24.6% PO peak. During HIIE, exercise was completed in 2 min work and recovery phases at 70%:10% PO peak. Results: MICE and HIIE were isocaloric (115.9 ± 21.8 and 116.6 ± 35.0 kcal, respectively; p = 0.903), but differed in duration (39.8 ± 4.6 vs 32.2 ± 6.2 min; p &lt; 0.001) and average respiratory exchange ratio (RER; 0.90 ± 0.08 vs 1.01 ± 0.07; p = 0.002). During MICE, a workrate of 24.6 ± 6.7% PO peak elicited a V̇O 2 of 53.1 ± 6.5% V̇O 2peak (10.1 ± 2.2 ml kg −1 min −1). During HIIE, a workrate at 70% PO peak elicited 88.3 ± 6.7% V̇O 2peak (16.9 ± 4.2 ml kg −1 min −1), and 29.4 ± 7.7% of the session was spent at or above 80% V̇O 2peak. During HIIE working phase, RER declined from the first to last interval (1.08 ± 0.07 vs 0.98 ± 0.09; p &lt; 0.001), reflecting an initially high but declining glycolytic rate. Conclusions: Compared with MICE, HIIE imposed a greater physiological stimulus while requiring less time to achieve a target caloric expenditure. Thus, exercise intensity might be an important consideration in the tailoring of exercise prescription to address the cardiometabolic comorbidities of SCI. </p

Impact of Alcohol Use Disorder on Ability to Quit Smoking: A Cohort Study

The study aims to investigate the relationship between alcohol use disorder (DSM-IV alcohol abuse) and ability to quit smoking at the end of treatment among adult cancer patients, who enrolled in MD Anderson Cancer Center’s Tobacco Research and Treatment Program (TRTP). The findings could lead to more effective and integrated treatment strategies and encourage clinicians to include combined pharmacological and behavioral interventions to treat dual substance use.https://openworks.mdanderson.org/stronger24/1004/thumbnail.jp

The Role of Depression on the Ability to Achieve Smoking Abstinence​

We investigated how depression affects smoking abstinence among cancer patients who participated in MD Anderson Cancer Center\u27s Tobacco Research and Treatment Program (TRTP), assessing outcomes three months post-enrollment. We also compared the likelihood of abstaining from smoking while accounting for nicotine dependence measured by the Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence (FTCD). The findings aimed to guide clinical practices in optimizing treatment of tobacco use disorder (TUD) to improve abstinence rates. Integrating comprehensive treatments for depression alongside standard TUD treatment holds promise for improving overall abstinence outcomes.https://openworks.mdanderson.org/stronger24/1005/thumbnail.jp

Effects of exercise mode on postprandial metabolism in humans with chronic paraplegia:Exercise and postprandial metabolism in SCI

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the acute effects of exercise mode and intensity on postprandial macronutrient metabolism.METHODS: Ten healthy men age 39 ± 10 yr with chronic paraplegia (13.2 ± 8.8 yr, ASIA A-C) completed three isocaloric bouts of upper-body exercise and a resting control. After an overnight fast, participants completed circuit resistance exercise (CRE) first and the following conditions in a randomized order, separated by >48 h: i) control (CON), ~45-min seated rest; ii) moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE), ~40-min arm cranking at a resistance equivalent to ~30% peak power output (PPO); and iii) high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), ~30 min arm cranking with resistance alternating every 2 min between 10% PPO and 70% PPO. After each condition, participants completed a mixed-meal tolerance test consisting of a 2510-kJ liquid meal (35% fat, 50% carbohydrate, 15% protein). Blood and expired gas samples were collected at baseline and regular intervals for 150 min after a meal.RESULTS: An interaction (P < 0.001) was observed, with rates of lipid oxidation elevated above CON in HIIE until 60 min after a meal and in CRE at all postprandial time points up to 150 min after a meal. Postprandial blood glycerol was greater in MICE (P = 0.020) and CRE (P = 0.001) compared with CON. Furthermore, nonesterified fatty acid area under the curve had a moderate-to-strong effect in CRE versus MICE and HIIE (Cohen's d = -0.76 and -0.50, respectively).CONCLUSIONS: In persons with paraplegia, high-intensity exercise increased postprandial energy expenditure independent of the energy cost of exercise. Furthermore, exercise combining resistance and endurance modes (CRE) showed the greater effect on postprandial lipid oxidation

Effects of exercise mode on postprandial metabolism in humans with chronic paraplegia:Exercise and postprandial metabolism in SCI

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the acute effects of exercise mode and intensity on postprandial macronutrient metabolism.METHODS: Ten healthy men age 39 ± 10 yr with chronic paraplegia (13.2 ± 8.8 yr, ASIA A-C) completed three isocaloric bouts of upper-body exercise and a resting control. After an overnight fast, participants completed circuit resistance exercise (CRE) first and the following conditions in a randomized order, separated by &gt;48 h: i) control (CON), ~45-min seated rest; ii) moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE), ~40-min arm cranking at a resistance equivalent to ~30% peak power output (PPO); and iii) high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), ~30 min arm cranking with resistance alternating every 2 min between 10% PPO and 70% PPO. After each condition, participants completed a mixed-meal tolerance test consisting of a 2510-kJ liquid meal (35% fat, 50% carbohydrate, 15% protein). Blood and expired gas samples were collected at baseline and regular intervals for 150 min after a meal.RESULTS: An interaction (P &lt; 0.001) was observed, with rates of lipid oxidation elevated above CON in HIIE until 60 min after a meal and in CRE at all postprandial time points up to 150 min after a meal. Postprandial blood glycerol was greater in MICE (P = 0.020) and CRE (P = 0.001) compared with CON. Furthermore, nonesterified fatty acid area under the curve had a moderate-to-strong effect in CRE versus MICE and HIIE (Cohen's d = -0.76 and -0.50, respectively).CONCLUSIONS: In persons with paraplegia, high-intensity exercise increased postprandial energy expenditure independent of the energy cost of exercise. Furthermore, exercise combining resistance and endurance modes (CRE) showed the greater effect on postprandial lipid oxidation.</p

Effected Cancer Region and Psychiatric Disorders in Smoking Cessation

https://openworks.mdanderson.org/sumexp23/1003/thumbnail.jp

Using Novel Carbon Monoxide Devices in Remote Smoking Cessation Treatment: A Utilization and Reliability Analysis

https://openworks.mdanderson.org/sumexp22/1119/thumbnail.jp

The Deubiquitinase OTULIN Is an Essential Negative Regulator of Inflammation and Autoimmunity.

Methionine-1 (M1)-linked ubiquitin chains regulate the activity of NF-κB, immune homeostasis, and responses to infection. The importance of negative regulators of M1-linked chains in vivo remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the M1-specific deubiquitinase OTULIN is essential for preventing TNF-associated systemic inflammation in humans and mice. A homozygous hypomorphic mutation in human OTULIN causes a potentially fatal autoinflammatory condition termed OTULIN-related autoinflammatory syndrome (ORAS). Four independent OTULIN mouse models reveal that OTULIN deficiency in immune cells results in cell-type-specific effects, ranging from over-production of inflammatory cytokines and autoimmunity due to accumulation of M1-linked polyubiquitin and spontaneous NF-κB activation in myeloid cells to downregulation of M1-polyubiquitin signaling by degradation of LUBAC in B and T cells. Remarkably, treatment with anti-TNF neutralizing antibodies ameliorates inflammation in ORAS patients and rescues mouse phenotypes. Hence, OTULIN is critical for restraining life-threatening spontaneous inflammation and maintaining immune homeostasis.This work was supported by the Medical Research Council (U105192732 and U105178805), the European Research Council (309756), the Lister Institute for Preventive Medicine, and the EMBO Young Investigator Program (to D.K.); a Marie-Sklodowska Curie Individual Fellowship from the European Commission (MC-IF-654019) and a Research Fellowship from Corpus Christi College Cambridge (to R.B.D.); and Wellcome Trust (to N.V.M., E.R.M., and A.N.J.M [100963/Z/13/Z]), WellChild (to N.V.M. and E.R.M.), and UCB (to H.L.T., D.M. and E.R.M.).This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Cell Press via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.01