Interpolation of Sparse Graph Signals by Sequential Adaptive Thresholds

This paper considers the problem of interpolating signals defined on graphs. A major presumption considered by many previous approaches to this problem has been lowpass/ band-limitedness of the underlying graph signal. However, inspired by the findings on sparse signal reconstruction, we consider the graph signal to be rather sparse/compressible in the Graph Fourier Transform (GFT) domain and propose the Iterative Method with Adaptive Thresholding for Graph Interpolation (IMATGI) algorithm for sparsity promoting interpolation of the underlying graph signal.We analytically prove convergence of the proposed algorithm. We also demonstrate efficient performance of the proposed IMATGI algorithm in reconstructing randomly generated sparse graph signals. Finally, we consider the widely desirable application of recommendation systems and show by simulations that IMATGI outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms on the benchmark datasets in this application.Comment: 12th International Conference on Sampling Theory and Applications (SAMPTA 2017

Controlling Steering Angle for Cooperative Self-driving Vehicles utilizing CNN and LSTM-based Deep Networks

A fundamental challenge in autonomous vehicles is adjusting the steering angle at different road conditions. Recent state-of-the-art solutions addressing this challenge include deep learning techniques as they provide end-to-end solution to predict steering angles directly from the raw input images with higher accuracy. Most of these works ignore the temporal dependencies between the image frames. In this paper, we tackle the problem of utilizing multiple sets of images shared between two autonomous vehicles to improve the accuracy of controlling the steering angle by considering the temporal dependencies between the image frames. This problem has not been studied in the literature widely. We present and study a new deep architecture to predict the steering angle automatically by using Long-Short-Term-Memory (LSTM) in our deep architecture. Our deep architecture is an end-to-end network that utilizes CNN, LSTM and fully connected (FC) layers and it uses both present and futures images (shared by a vehicle ahead via Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication) as input to control the steering angle. Our model demonstrates the lowest error when compared to the other existing approaches in the literature.Comment: Accepted in IV 2019, 6 pages, 9 figure

Performance Analysis of V2I Zone Activation and Scalability for C-V2X Transactional Services

Cellular-V2X (C-V2X) enables communication between vehicles and other transportation entities over the 5.9GHz spectrum. C-V2X utilizes direct communication mode for safety packet broadcasts (through the usage of periodic basic safety messages) while leaving sufficient room in the resource pool for advanced service applications. While many such ITS applications are under development, it is crucial to identify and optimize the relevant network parameters. In this paper, we envision an infrastructure-assisted transaction procedure entirely carried out by C-V2X, and we optimize it in terms of the service parameters. To achieve the service utility of a transaction class, two C-V2X entities require a successive exchange of multiple messages. With this notion, our proposed application prototype can be generalized for any vehicular service to establish connections on-the-fly. We identify suitable activation zones for vehicles and assess their impact on service efficiency. The results show a variety of potential service and parameter settings that can be appropriate for different use-cases, laying the foundation for subsequent studies

Control-aware Communication for Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control

Utilizing vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication technologies, vehicle platooning systems are expected to realize a new paradigm of cooperative driving with higher levels of traffic safety and efficiency. Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) need to have proper awareness of the traffic context. However, as the quantity of interconnected entities grows, the expense of communication will become a significant factor. As a result, the cooperative platoon's performance will be influenced by the communication strategy. While maintaining desired levels of performance, periodic communication can be relaxed to more flexible aperiodic or event-triggered implementations. In this paper, we propose a control-aware communication solution for vehicle platoons. The method uses a fully distributed control-aware communication strategy, attempting to decrease the usage of communication resources while still preserving the desired closed-loop performance characteristics. We then leverage Model-Based Communication (MBC) to improve cooperative vehicle perception in non-ideal communication and propose a solution that combines control-aware communication with MBC for cooperative control of vehicle platoons. Our approach achieves a significant reduction in the average communication rate ($47\%$) while only slightly reducing control performance (e.g., less than $1\%$ speed deviation). Through extensive simulations, we demonstrate the benefits of combined control-aware communication with MBC for cooperative control of vehicle platoons.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2203.1577

Cancer Incidence in Five Provinces of Iran: Ardebil, Gilan, Mazandaran, Golestan and Kerman, 1996-2000

Syöpä on Iranin toiseksi yleisin ei-tapaturmainen kuolinsyy heti sydän- ja verisuoni-sairauksien jälkeen. Syöpätaakan arvioimiseksi syöpäilmaantuvuuden, -kuolleisuuden ja vallitsevuuden määrittäminen on ensiarvoisen tärkeää. Tämän tutkimuksen avulla pyritään kartoittamaan syövän esiintyvyyttä Iranissa sekä kehittämään ja testaamaan uutta menetelmää, jolla voidaan huomioida erot syöpärekisteröinnin kattavuudessa. Retrospektiivinen tutkimus tehtiin viiden vuoden aikana 1996 - 2000 viidessä Iranin maakunnassa (Ardebil, Gilan, Mazandaran ja Golestan pohjoisessa sekä Kerman etelässä). Vuonna 1996 yhteensä 15.7 % Iranin väestöstä asui näissä maakunnissa. Saatavilla olevat syöpäpotilaiden sairaskertomus- ja kuolinsyytiedot koottiin syöpärekisteritietokannaksi. Tutkimuksessa kehitettiin myös ilmaantuvuuslukujen korjaamiseksi uusi menetelmä, joka perustuu muiden syöpien esiintyvyyslukujen vertaamiseen leukemiaan, jonka esiintyvyys on vakaa. Tutkimusperiodin (5 vuotta) aikana todettiin 28,022 uutta syöpätapausta. Tavallisimmat miesten syövät olivat vatsalaukun, ruokatorven, virtsarakon, suoliston ja eturauhasen syövät. Naisilla yleisimpiä olivat rintasyöpä, vatsalaukun, ruokatorven, suoliston ja kohdunkaulan syövät sekä leukemia. Miesten kumulatiivinen vaara sairastua mihin tahansa syöpään 74 ikävuoteen mennessä oli 7.8 % ja naisten vastaavasti 6.4 %. Syövän esiintyvyys eri maakunnissa vaihteli. Ardebilissä vatsalaukun syöpä oli molemmilla sukupuolilla yleisin, Gilanissa miehillä virtsarakon syöpä ja naisilla suoliston syöpä, Mazandaranissa miehillä keuhkosyöpä ja naisilla rintasyöpä, Golestanissa ruokatorven syöpä molemmilla sukupuolilla ja Kermanissa ihosyöpä miehillä ja rintasyöpä naisilla. Syöpätapausten määrän arvioidaan kasvavan vuodesta 1996 vuoteen 2010 mennessä koko Iranissa 65 %. Naisten syöpätapausmäärän kasvu on jopa 95 % ja miesten 46 %. Kaikkiaan Iranissa todetaan vuonna 2010 noin 53 000 uutta syöpätapausta. Tutkimuksen tietojen perusteella syöpäilmaantuvuus on Iranissa maailman alhaisimpia. 30 vuotta sitten tehdyssä kartoituksessa ruokatorven syövän vaara oli maailman korkeimpia. Nyt ruokatorven syövän ilmaantuvuus on pienentynyt kolmannekseen silloisista arvioista, mutta kaikkien muiden syöpien ilmaantuvuus on kasvanut huomattavasti.Background Cancer is the most common non-injury cause of death after cardiovascular diseases in Iran. Estimation of the burden of cancer in terms of incidence, mortality, and prevalence is the first step to plan control measures in every country but for almost 40 years there were no population-based cancer statistics in Iran to reveal cancer burden. This study is designed to ascertain the incidence of cancers in Iran, and develop and test a new method to adjust for ascertainment bias in the evaluation of cancer registry data. Material and Methods A retrospective survey in five provinces of Iran (Ardebil, Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan in the north, and Kerman in the south) carried out for five years, 1996 2000. These provinces composed 15.7% of about 60 million population of Iran in 1996. Available medical records of cancer patients in public/private hospitals and diagnostic/treatment facilities, and death certificates of these five provinces were compiled, computerized and duplicate reports were eliminated. Eighty four percent of cases were microscopically verified and death certificate only (DCO) cases constituted 0.1% of cases. Relative age-standardized ratio (RASR) was calculated by ASR of each cancer divided by ASR of leukemia. Adjusted relative age-standardized rate (ARASR with same unit as ASR) is calculated by multiplying the RASR for a specific cancer in a particular year by the sum of ASRs of that cancer over the years for which a trend is being determined and then dividing result by the sum of RASRs of the cancer for those years. Two likely assumptions are behind use of ARASR, first, constant ASR of leukemia over time, second, if under/over-registration occurs, it happens to all cancers in the same extent (random under/over-reporting). Results During the five years of study, there were 28,022 new cancer cases (57% men; 41.9% women; 1.2% unknown sex). The mean age at diagnosis was 55 (median age 60). In terms of age-standardized rate (ASR per 105), the most common cancers in men were stomach (22.5), esophagus (12.1), bladder (7.5), lung (6.5), colon/rectum (6.2) and prostate (5.6). The cumulative rate for 0 74 years of life in men was 7.8%. The leading female cancers were breast (13.3), stomach (9.3), esophagus (8.9), colon/rectum (6.0), leukemia (2.4) and cervical cancer (2.3). The cumulative rate for 0 74 years of life in women was 6.4%. In terms of incidence, Ardebil province had the highest rate for stomach cancer in both sexes, Gilan for bladder cancer in men and colorectal cancer in women, Mazandaran for lung cancer in men and breast cancer in women, Golestan for esophageal cancer in both sexes and Kerman for skin/hematological neoplasms in men and breast cancer in women. It is predicted that the annual number of new cases in year 2010 in Iran compared to 1996 will increase 65% (women 95%; men 46%) at least to 53,000 persons. A new method was developed and tested on some complete and incomplete cancer registry data to adjust for ascertainment bias in cancer registry data. In registries with incomplete reporting, ARASR was a better estimate for time trend analysis. ARASRs in different countries or different times were comparable since they were already standardized for age structure. In addition, comparison between time trend of ASR and ARASR could be used to evaluate completeness of registration. Conclusion Generally the incidence of cancer in Iran was among lowest in the world. Cervical cancer was lower than even low risk countries such as China, Kuwait or Spain. Compared to 30 years ago, the incidence of esophageal cancer declined to approximately two thirds of its previous level in both sexes. However, the incidence of all other cancers increased dramatically up to 120%. Although this increase was unrealistically high, most likely because of under-registration of other malignancies than esophagus 30 years ago, the real change seems to be in the same direction but with slower slope. The 65% predicted increase in the number of new cases by year 2010 is a huge burden for the health care system because by adding the number of old cases to these cases, the number of prevalent cancer patients will be substantially higher in 2010, especially in women. The estimates by GLOBOCAN2002 and the results of this study were highly concordant because they shared the majority of their data sources except for Gilan (only available in this study) and Tehran (only in GLOBOCAN2002). ARASR is more accurate than ASR in studying cancer incidence trends in registries with incomplete reporting. ARASRs in different countries or different times are comparable since they are age-standardized. Moreover, comparison between trend of ASRs and ARASRs can be used as a test for validity of registration

Race and Ethnicity-Adjusted Age Recommendation for Initiating Breast Cancer Screening.

IMPORTANCE Breast cancer (BC) is the second leading cause of cancer death in women, and there is a substantial disparity in BC mortality by race, especially for early-onset BC in Black women. Many guidelines recommend starting BC screening from age 50 years; however, the current one-size-fits-all policy to start screening all women from a certain age may not be fair, equitable, or optimal. OBJECTIVE To provide race and ethnicity-adapted starting ages of BC screening based on data on current racial and ethnic disparities in BC mortality. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This nationwide population-based cross-sectional study was conducted using data on BC mortality in female patients in the US who died of BC in 2011 to 2020. EXPOSURES Proxy-reported race and ethnicity information was used. The risk-adapted starting age of BC screening by race and ethnicity was measured based on 10-year cumulative risk of BC-specific death. Age-specific 10-year cumulative risk was calculated based on age group-specific mortality data without modeling or adjustment. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Disease-specific mortality due to invasive BC in female patients. RESULTS There were BC-specific deaths among 415 277 female patients (1880 American Indian or Alaska Native [0.5%], 12 086 Asian or Pacific Islander [2.9%], 62 695 Black [15.1%], 28 747 Hispanic [6.9%], and 309 869 White [74.6%]; 115 214 patients died before age 60 years [27.7%]) of any age in the US in 2011 to 2020. BC mortality per 100 000 person-years for ages 40 to 49 years was 27 deaths in Black females, 15 deaths in White females, and 11 deaths in American Indian or Alaska Native, Hispanic, and Asian or Pacific Islander females. When BC screening was recommended to start at age 50 years for all females with a 10-year cumulative risk of BC death of 0.329%, Black females reached this risk threshold level 8 years earlier, at age 42 years, whereas White females reached it at age 51 years, American Indian or Alaska Native and Hispanic females at age 57 years, and Asian or Pacific Islander females 11 years later, at age 61 years. Race and ethnicity-adapted starting ages for Black females were 6 years earlier for mass screening at age 40 years and 7 years earlier for mass screening at age 45 years. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study provides evidence-based race-adapted starting ages for BC screening. These findings suggest that health policy makers may consider a risk-adapted approach to BC screening in which individuals who are at high risk are screened earlier to address mortality due to early-onset BC before the recommended age of mass screening

Results of Non-contrast Brain Computed Tomography Scans of 1-18 Year Old Epileptic Children

How to Cite this Article: Fallah R, Nafisi Moghadam R, Fallah Tafti M, Salmani Nodoushan M. Results of Noncontrast Brain Computed Tomography Scans of 1-18 Year Old Epileptic Children. Iran J Child Neurol 2012; 6(3): 33-38.ObjectiveThe advent of computed tomography (CT) scan revolutionized the diagnosticevaluation of neurologic patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate brain CTresults of epileptic children.Materials & MethodsIn a descriptive cross-sectional study, noncontrast brain CT scan of 150 consecutive1-18 year old epileptic children whom were referred to pediatric neurology clinic ofShahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, from May 2008 to October 2010 inYazd-Iran, evaluated.ResultsSixty two girls and 88 boys with mean age of 6.6 ± 4.3 years were evaluated.In 38 (25.3 %) children, seizure onset age was under one year and 38 others hadabnormal mental / developmental status. Fifty three children (35.3 %) and 97 (64.7%)had partial and generalized seizures, respectively. Partial seizures were more prevalentin children with seizure onset in < 1 year [41.5% (22/53) vs. 16.5% (16/97)] Result of CT was normal in 74 % (n=111). Among the patients with abnormalresults, 18(46%) had brain atrophy, 10 (25.6%) structural CNS dysgenesia, six (15.4%)intracranial calcification, three (7.8%) hydrocephaly and two had (5.2%) brain tumor.Abnormal brain CT was more prevalent in patients with seizure onset in less than oneyear of age [60.5% (23 of 38) vs. 14.3% (16 of 112), p = 0.003], partial epilepsy [51% (27of 53) vs. 12% (12/97)], and abnormal developmental status [ 81.5% (31 of 38) vs.7% (8of 112]. Mean age of seizure onset in epileptic children with abnormal brain CT scanwas less (M ± SD:1/17 ± 0.6 years versus 4.02±1.9 years).ConclusionBrain CT scan might be considered in evaluation of epileptic children with partialseizures, seizure onset in less than one year of age or neurodevelopmental delay.ReferencesJagoda A, Gupta K. The emergency department evaluationof the adult patient who presents with a first-time seizure.Emerg Med Clin North Am 2011; 29(1):41-9.Camfield PR, Camfield CS. Pediatric epilepsy. In:Swaiman KF, Ashwal S, Ferriero D M. Pediatric Neurology: principles & practice. (4th ed). Philadelphia:Mosby Elsevier, 2006.P. 983.Gaillard WD, Chiron C, Cross JH, Harvey AS, Kuzniecky R, Hertz-Pannier L, Vezina LG; ILAE, Committee for Neuroimaging, Subcommittee for Pediatric. Guidelines for imaging infants and children with recent-onset epilepsy. Epilepsia 2009; 50(9):2147-53.Soto-Ares G, Jissendi Tchofo P, Szurhaj W, Trehan G,Leclerc X. Management of patients after a first seizure. J Neuroradiol 2004; 31(4):281-8. (in French)Hirtz D, Ashwal S, Berg A, et al. Practice parameter:evaluating a first nonfebrile seizure in children: report of the quality standards subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology, the Child Neurology Society, and the American Epilepsy Society. Neurology 2000; 55:616– 623.Kuzniecky RI. Neuroimaging in pediatric epilepsy.Epilepsia 1996; 37, Suppl 1:S10-21.Adamsbaum C, Rolland Y, Husson B. Pediatric neuroimaging emergencies. J Neuroradiol 2004;31(4):272-80. (in French)Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes. Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia 1989; 30:389–399.Hsieh DT, Chang T, Tsuchida TN, et al. New-onset afebrile seizures in infants: role of neuroimaging.Neurology 2010;12:74(2):150-6.Khodapanahandeh F, Hadizadeh H. Neuroimaging inchildren with first afebrile seizures: to order or not toorder? Arch Iran Med 2006;9(2):156-8.Berg AT, Testa FM, Levy SR, Shinnar S. Neuroimaging in children with newly diagnosed epilepsy: A community based study. Pediatrics 2000; 106(3):527-32.Maytal J, Krauss JM, Novak G, Nagelberg J, Patel M. Therole of brain computed tomography in evaluating children with new onset of seizures in the emergency department.Epilepsia 2000; 41(8):950-4.Kumar R, Navjivan S, Kohli N, Sharma B. Clinicalcorrelates of CT abnormality in generalized childhood epilepsy in India. J Trop Pediatr 1997;43(4):199-203.Aguilar-Rebolledo F, Sosa-Villalobos R, del Castillo- Troncoso C. Should computed axial tomography of theskull be done in all pediatric patients with epilepsy?. BolMed Hosp Infant Mex 1992;49(12):845-50. (in Spanish)Obajimi MO, Fatunde OJ, Ogunseyinde AO, OmigbodunOO, Atalabi OM, Joel RU. Computed tomography and childhood seizure disorder in Ibadan. West 2004;23(2):167-72.Wammanda RD, Anyiam JO, Hamidu AU, Chom ND,Eseigbe EE. Computerized tomography of children with seizure disorders. Niger J Clin Pract 2009;12(1):25-8.Korff C, Nordli DR Jr. Do generalized tonic-clonic seizures in infancy exist? Neurology 2005, 65:17501753.Vanderver A, Chang T, Kennedy C, et al. MR Imaging forthe diagnosis of cerebral dysplasia in new onset seizuresin children. Ann Neurol 2003,54:S114

Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Sodium Valproate in Convulsive Status Epilepticus in Children in Shahid Sadoughi Hospital

How to Cite this Article: Fallah R, Yadegari Y, Salmani Nodushan M. Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Sodium Valproate in Convulsive Status Epilepticus in Children in Shahid Sadoughi Hospital. Iran. J. Child. Neurol 2012;6(2):39-44. Objective Status epilepticus (SE) is the most common pediatric neurologic emergency with high mortality and morbidity. There is no consensus on the drug of choice in the treatment of children. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of intravenous sodium valproate as a third-line drug in the treatment of generalized convulsive SE of children. Materials & Methods In a retrospective study, medical records of those children who were admitted to Shahid Sadoughi Hospital of Yazd due to refractory generalized convulsive SE and were treated by intravenous sodium valproate as a third-line drug from 2009 to 2011 were evaluated. Results Six girls and five boys with a mean age of 5.12 ± 1.2 years (range: 3 - 9.6 years) were evaluated. Intravenous valproate was effective for cessation of seizures in seven patients (63.6 %). The mean dose of valproate for stopping seizures was 27.1 ± 1.4 mg/kg/day. Children whose seizures were controlled by sodium valproate were older than non- responsive children (mean± SD: 4.8 ± 1.2 years vs. 3.1 ± 0.43 years, p= 0.03) and they also had shorter ICU stay days (mean± SD: 2.6 ± 1.4 days vs. 5.6 ± 2.8 days, p= 0.01). Two children had mild and transient nausea and vomiting. None of them had cardiopulmonary or severe paraclinical side effects. Conclusion Intravenous sodium valproate may be used as an effective and safe third-line antiepileptic drug in the treatment of pediatric generalized convulsive status epilepticus.References Raj D, Gulati S, Lodha R. Status epilepticus. Indian J Pediatr 2011;78(2):219-26. Shearer P, Riviello J. Generalized convulsive status epilepticus in adults and children: treatment guidelines and protocols. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2011;29(1):51-64. Mikati MA. Status epilepticus. In: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, Schor NF, St. Geme JW, Behrman RE. Nelson textbook of pediatrics. 19th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011. P. 2013-7. Nair PP, Kalita J, Misra UK. Status epilepticus: Why, what, and how. J Postgrad Med 2011;57(3):242-52. Saz EU, Karapinar B, Ozcetin M, Polat M, Tosun A, Serdaroglu G et al. Convulsive status epilepticus in children: etiology, treatment protocol and outcome. Seizure 2011;20(2):115-8. Nam SH, Lee BL, Lee CG, Yu HJ, Joo EY, Lee J et al. The role of ketogenic diet in the treatment of refractory status epilepticus. Epilepsia 2011;52(11):e181-4. Shiloh-Malawsky Y, Fan Z, Greenwood R, Tennison M. Successful treatment of childhood prolonged refractory status epilepticus with lacosamide. Seizure 2011;20(7):586-8. Abend NS, Monk HM, Licht DJ, Dlugos DJ. Intravenous levetiracetam in critically ill children with status epilepticus or acute repetitive seizures. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2009;10(4):505-10. Chang YC, Lin JJ, Wang HS, Chou ML, Hung PC, Hsieh MY. Intravenous valproate for seizures in 137 Taiwanese children - valproate naive and non-naive. Acta Neurol Taiwan 2010;19(2):100-6. Wheless JW, Vazquez BR, Kanner AM, Ramsay RE, Morton L, Pellock JM. Rapid infusion with valproate sodium is well tolerated in patients with epilepsy. Neurology 2004;63(8):1507-8. Sofou K, Kristjánsdóttir R, Papachatzakis NE, Ahmadzadeh A, Uvebrant P. Management of prolonged seizures and status epilepticus in childhood: a systematic review. J Child Neurol 2009;24(8):918-26. Visudtibhan A, Bhudhisawadi K, Vaewpanich J, Chulavatnatol S, Kaojareon S. Pharmacokinetics and clinical application of intravenous valproate in Thai epileptic children. Brain Dev 2011;33(3):189-94. Kälviäinen R, Eriksson K, Parviainen I. Refractory generalised convulsive status epilepticus: a guide to treatment. CNS Drugs 2005;19(9):759-68. Arif H, Hirsch LJ. Treatment of status epilepticus. Semin Neurol 2008;28(3):342-54. Misra UK, Kalita J, Patel R. Sodium valproate vs phenytoin in status epilepticus: A pilot study. Neurology 2006;67(2):340-2. Kwan SY. The role of intravenous valproate in convulsive status epilepticus in the future. Acta Neurol Taiwan 2010;19(2):78-81. Aldenkamp A, Vigevano F, Arzimanoglou A, Covanis A. Role of valproate across the ages. Treatment of epilepsy in children. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 2006;184:1-13. Limdi NA, Shimpi AV, Faught E, Gomez CR, Burneo JG. Efficacy of rapid IV dministration of valproic acid for status epilepticus. Neurology 2005;64(2);353-535. Morton LD, O’Hara KA, Coots BP, Pellock JM. Safety of rapid intravenous valproate infusion in pediatric patients. Pediatr Neurol 2007;36(2):81-83. Yu KT, Mills S, Thompson N, Cunanan C. Safety and efficacy of intravenous valproate in pediatric status epilepticus and acute repetitive seizures. Epilepsia 2003;44(5):724-6. Trinka E. The use of valproate and new antiepileptic drugs in status epilepticus. Epilepsia 2007;48 Suppl 8:49-51. Chen L, Feng P, Wang J, Liu L, Zhou D. Intravenous sodium valproate in mainland China for the treatment of diazepam refractory convulsive status epilepticus. J Clin Neurosci 2009;16(4):524-6. Mehta V, Singhi P, Singhi S. Intravenous sodium valproate versus diazepam infusion for the control of refractory status epilepticus in children: a randomized controlled trial. J Child Neurol 2007;22(10):1191-7. Jha S, Jose M, Patel R. Intravenous sodium valproate in status epilepticus. Neurol India 2003;51(3):421-2. Kanner AM. Intravenous valproate for status epilepticus. An effective, yet still merely empirical alternative! Epilepsy Curr 2008;8(3):66-7. Russell S. Carnitine as an antidote for acute valproate toxicity in children. Curr Opin Pediatr 2007;19(2):206- 10. Gilad R, Gilad R, Izkovitz N, Dabby R, Rapoport A, Sadeh M, et al. Treatment of status epilepticus and acute repetitive seizures with i.v. valproic acid vs. phenytoin. Acta Neurol Scand 2008;118(5):296-300

Familial risk of early and late onset cancer : nationwide prospective cohort study.

To determine whether familial risk of cancer is limited to early onset cases. Nationwide prospective cohort study. SETTING : Nationwide Swedish Family-Cancer Database. All Swedes born after 1931 and their biological parents, totalling >12.2 million individuals, including >1.1 million cases of first primary cancer. Familial risks of the concordant cancers by age at diagnosis. The highest familial risk was seen for offspring whose parents were diagnosed at an early age. Familial risks were significantly increased for colorectal, lung, breast, prostate, and urinary bladder cancer and melanoma, skin squamous cell carcinoma, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, even when parents were diagnosed at age 70-79 or 80-89. When parents were diagnosed at more advanced ages (≥ 90), the risk of concordant cancer in offspring was still significantly increased for skin squamous cell carcinoma (hazard ratio 1.9, 95% confidence interval 1.4 to 2.7), colorectal (1.6, 1.2 to 2.0), breast (1.3, 1.0 to 1.6), and prostate cancer (1.3, 1.1 to 1.6). For offspring with a cancer diagnosed at ages 60-76 whose parents were affected at age <50, familial risks were not significantly increased for nearly all cancers. Though the highest familial risks of cancer are seen in offspring whose parents received a diagnosis of a concordant cancer at earlier ages, increased risks exist even in cancers of advanced ages. Familial cancers might not be early onset in people whose family members were affected at older ages and so familial cancers might have distinct early and late onset components