Revolutionizing Future Connectivity: A Contemporary Survey on AI-empowered Satellite-based Non-Terrestrial Networks in 6G

Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) are expected to be a critical component of 6th Generation (6G) networks, providing ubiquitous, continuous, and scalable services. Satellites emerge as the primary enabler for NTN, leveraging their extensive coverage, stable orbits, scalability, and adherence to international regulations. However, satellite-based NTN presents unique challenges, including long propagation delay, high Doppler shift, frequent handovers, spectrum sharing complexities, and intricate beam and resource allocation, among others. The integration of NTNs into existing terrestrial networks in 6G introduces a range of novel challenges, including task offloading, network routing, network slicing, and many more. To tackle all these obstacles, this paper proposes Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a promising solution, harnessing its ability to capture intricate correlations among diverse network parameters. We begin by providing a comprehensive background on NTN and AI, highlighting the potential of AI techniques in addressing various NTN challenges. Next, we present an overview of existing works, emphasizing AI as an enabling tool for satellite-based NTN, and explore potential research directions. Furthermore, we discuss ongoing research efforts that aim to enable AI in satellite-based NTN through software-defined implementations, while also discussing the associated challenges. Finally, we conclude by providing insights and recommendations for enabling AI-driven satellite-based NTN in future 6G networks.Comment: 40 pages, 19 Figure, 10 Tables, Surve

Synthesis and characterization of pharmacologically active 18-membered tetraamide macrocyclic complexes of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II): <i>In vitro</i> antimicrobial, anticancer screening, DNA interaction and docking studies

<p>The macrocyclic ligand, 2, 4: 11, 13-Dinaphthyl-1, 5, 10, 14 tetraazacyclooctadecane-6, 9, 15, 18-tetraone, (L) obtained from condensation of 1, 8-diaminonaphthalene and succinic acid, was used to synthesize the complexes of the type, [MLCl₂] [M = Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II)] and characterized by spectroscopic techniques. The calf-thymus DNA interaction and CD studies indicated relatively greater binding ability for Cu(II) complex via groove binding. The <i>in vitro</i> cytotoxicity toward the cell line HeLa and MCF-7 has been evaluated by MTT assay. Therefore, Cu(II) complex seems as a superlative candidate offering a probable alternative to traditional chemotherapeutic agents.</p