Evaluation of National training program on mushroom cultivation technology for entrepreneurs

Not AvailableThere is an increasing need of training on mushroom cultivation technology among the farmers and entrepreneurs as a result of good prospect for mushroom in the market. The training on mushroom cultivation technology for entrepreneurs is a flagship programme of Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan which aims to facilitate the complete knowledge of mushroom production activity on commercial scale. Evaluating the quality and effectiveness of such training for further improvement in their standard is strongly emphasized by extension research. The 10 day training programme on mushroom cultivation technology for entrepreneurs was evaluated by using structured questionnaires before and after the trainings. The training was evaluated with respect to the topics covered, training facility, training outcome, overall evaluation of the training and suggestions for future trainings. The participants evaluated the training topics highly with respect to relevance, content, supportiveness of teaching aids and overall learning achieved. Most of the variables to assess the overall training programme were rated highly by the trainees. The participants felt the need for more number of practical classes and additional information on finance and subsidy support for the commercial unit of white button mushroom. It is important to ensure the satisfaction of the trainees with respect to their expectations about the programme. Regular intervention of the scientists to assess the constraints faced by the clients in adoption of the technology can only be deemed as success of the training programmes.Not Availabl

Soil Fertility Status of Mid Himalayan Region

Not AvailableA study was conducted to assess the soil fertility status of mid Himalayan region based on two hundred and fifty surface soil samples collected at a depth of 0-15 cm by using systematic sampling methodology using GPS points. The soils of this region were predominantly neutral in soil reaction with low soluble salts and high in organic carbon content. Soil fertility assessment of crop fields showed the soils of midHimalayan region are high in available K and P contents and relatively medium to low in available N content. Among the micronutrients tested, widespread deficiencies were recorded for available Cu (69.23ha), B(50.26ha), Zn (43.84ha) and Fe (42.01ha). The correlation studies between the soil properties and available nutrients showed that OC has significant and positive correlation with the availability of N, P, S, B and Mn indicating the compelling role of OC in the maintenance of balanced soil health.Not Availabl

Kinetics of Thin Layer Drying of Button Mushroom

Drying kinetics of white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) slices in a fluidized bed dryer at three different drying air temperatures of 45, 55 and 65°C with constant drying air velocity of 2.5 m.s-1 was studied. The drying of mushroom slices occurred in the falling rate period. Seven thin-layer drying models, commonly used for perishable fruits/vegetables, were tested for the drying behaviour of mushroom slices. The logarithmic model fitted best to moisture ratio data with higher R2 and least c2 , MBE, RMSE values. The effective moisture diffusivity in white button mushroom increased from 9.21x10-8 to 1.49x10-7 m2.s-1with increasing drying air temperatures in the fluidized bed dryer. The average activation energy of 36.39 kJ.mol-1 was required for detaching the water molecules from mushroom slices during fluidized bed drying

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Not AvailableShiitake [Lentinula edodes (Berk) Pegler] mushroom (SM) has evolved into an important specialty food owing to its high nutritional content and medicinal properties. Progress on genetic improvement is limited due to a narrow genetic base. Genetic divergence and variability in 19 strains of SM were analyzed. Cultivation trials were conducted under environmentally controlled conditions suitable for growing L. edodes on synthetic logs. Mahalanobis distance (D2 ) and cluster analysis using Tocher’s method was used to ascertain genetic diversity. Heritability, genetic advance and components of variances were determined through variability studies. Genotypes were clustered into three major groups based on yield and yield attributing traits. The strains took an average period of 85 days from incubation to first fruiting; DMRO-388s had the shortest duration of 50 days. Days from incubation to first fruiting exhibited high heritability (97.76%) with fair genetic advance (22.83) having substantial practical utility for selection in L. edodes. Cluster analysis for shiitake improvement predicted the most promising crosses would be between DMRO-23×DMRO-388s, DMRO34×DMRO-623, and DMRO-35×DMRO-388s. The DMRO-388s and DMRO-327 strains can be successfully cultivated on wheat straw based substrate due its quick colonization abilities. The pre-incubation period using a sawdust based cultivation system appears to shorten the cropping cycle of L. edodes which has economic implications.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableA highly specialized six-dimensional performance index was designed to comprehensively analyse complex mushroom enterprises having components and estimates, viz. scale/size of the enterprise (4.225), infrastructure/ machinery employed (4.539), social capital indicators (4.696), efficiency indicators (6.346), good mushroom cultivation practices (5.246) and incremental expansion (3.597). Sixty edible mushroom growing enterprises of Karnataka were selected for this study which concludes that four out of six components showed poor performance. Along with an urgent need to work-out economically optimum size of mushroom units with suitable infrastructure and machinery requirements, the paper presents important policy implications for making Indian mushroom industry globally competitiveNot Availabl

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Not AvailableThe preference of a particular strain to a specific substrate in shiitake mushroom was investigated. The effect of different genotypes (DMRO-34, DMRO-23, DMRO-327 and DMRO-388s), substrates (sawdust and wheat straw) and their interactions were found highly significant for yield and yield attributing factors. Strain DMRO-388s recorded the highest bio-efficiency (85.63%) on saw dust (SD) and the strain DMRO-327 with 53.02% on wheat straw (WS). The mycelial colonization was rapid on SD, while the sporophore formation was found earlier on WS. Breakdown of phenolic compounds in the substrate was found much higher in WS particularly with strain DMRO-327. Ability of the strains to degrade lignin content was found higher by the strain DMRO-388s (58.78%) in SD. Hemicellulose concentration decreased in both the substrates with each passing growth stage and it was found much rapid with DMRO-388s after spawn run stage. Of the substrates used, SD gave higher yield over the WS. But the earliness of fruiting on WS can economize the cost of shiitake cultivation as it is cheap and abundantly available.Not Availabl

Bangladesh Journal of Botany

Not AvailableThe present experiment was conducted in order to prepare a suitable substrate composition using wheat straw and also to ascertain the effect of various levels of nitrogen supplementation on the yield and biological efficiency of Pleurotus mushroom. The strain DMRP-205 of Pleurotus djamor was used in the study. Among different treatment combinations, maximum biological efficiency of 75.11% was recorded in T2 with 0.5% of urea supplementation. It was also observed that, though the higher nitrogen supplementation does not increase the yield proportionately, it has significant effect on the spawn run period, cropping duration and colour intensity of the basidiocarp. The study necessitates the nitrogen supplementation at optimum levels (0.5%) to realize the maximum yield in P. djamor cultivation

Influence of Heat Treatment and Solid-State Fermentation on the Lignocellulosic Fractions of Substrates Supporting <i>Lentinula edodes</i> (Berk.) Pegler Cultivation: Implications for Commercial Production

Mushroom production in India has registered a considerable growth in the recent times. However, cultivation of shiitake mushroom, which represents a major share at a global level, is still at a primitive stage in the Indian subcontinent. The scarcity of raw materials and the cost of energy for substrate sterilization are the major hurdles for a large-scale production. The present study delves into the possibility of growing shiitake mushroom on lignocellulosic biomass (saw dust and wheat straw) processed with different heat treatments to develop a cost-effective production technology. Six different strains of shiitake mushroom, viz., DMRO-35, 51, 297, 388s, 410, 412, were used in this study. The substrates were exposed to a pasteurization temperature of 80 ± 5 °C in a bulk pasteurization chamber for three different times (H1–H3) and also to a high-pressure sterilization (H4) in an autoclave. DMRO-388s was found to be the most productive strain, irrespective of the substrate and heat treatment method used. Significant differences were observed in the biological yield depending on the type of substrate and heat treatment. Changes in the biochemical composition of the lignocellulosic residues in three different stages, viz., pre heat treatment, inoculation and primordial formation stages, were recorded. Changes in heat treatment levels and duration significantly altered the cellulose/lignin ratio of the growing substrate. High-pressure sterilization aided the rapid degradation of lignin in the substrate and increased its bioavailability, thereby facilitating the fungus achieving its potential yield. A significant correlation in the positive direction between the yield levels of the tested strains and the consumption of lignin in the growing substrate was found, suggesting the significance of pre heat treatment for the bioconversion of lignin and its subsequent utilization in the solid-state fermentation process. The substrate pre heat treatment under high-pressure sterilization was proved to be beneficial to obtain the maximum yields of shiitake mushroom

Influence of Heat Treatment and Solid-State Fermentation on the Lignocellulosic Fractions of Substrates Supporting Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler Cultivation: Implications for Commercial Production

Mushroom production in India has registered a considerable growth in the recent times. However, cultivation of shiitake mushroom, which represents a major share at a global level, is still at a primitive stage in the Indian subcontinent. The scarcity of raw materials and the cost of energy for substrate sterilization are the major hurdles for a large-scale production. The present study delves into the possibility of growing shiitake mushroom on lignocellulosic biomass (saw dust and wheat straw) processed with different heat treatments to develop a cost-effective production technology. Six different strains of shiitake mushroom, viz., DMRO-35, 51, 297, 388s, 410, 412, were used in this study. The substrates were exposed to a pasteurization temperature of 80 &plusmn; 5&deg;C in a bulk pasteurization chamber for three different times (H1&ndash;H3) and also to a high-pressure sterilization (H4) in an autoclave. DMRO-388s was found to be the most productive strain, irrespective of the substrate and heat treatment method used. Significant differences were observed in the biological yield depending on the type of substrate and heat treatment. Changes in the biochemical composition of the lignocellulosic residues in three different stages, viz., pre heat treatment, inoculation and primordial formation stages, were recorded. Changes in heat treatment levels and duration significantly altered the cellulose/lignin ratio of the growing substrate. High-pressure sterilization aided the rapid degradation of lignin in the substrate and increased its bioavailability, thereby facilitating the fungus achieving its potential yield. A significant correlation in the positive direction between the yield levels of the tested strains and the consumption of lignin in the growing substrate was found, suggesting the significance of pre heat treatment for the bioconversion of lignin and its subsequent utilization in the solid-state fermentation process. The substrate pre heat treatment under high-pressure sterilization was proved to be beneficial to obtain the maximum yields of shiitake mushroom

Identification of Key Regulatory Pathways of Basidiocarp Formation in Pleurotus spp. Using Modeling, Simulation and System Biology Studies

Pleurotus (Oyster mushroom) is an important cultivated edible mushroom across the world. It has several therapeutic effects as it contains various useful bio-molecules. The cultivation and crop management of these basidiomycete fungi depends on many extrinsic and intrinsic factors such as substrate composition, growing environment, enzymatic properties, and the genetic makeup, etc. Moreover, for efficient crop production, a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental properties viz. intrinsic&ndash;extrinsic factors and genotype-environment interaction analysis is required. The present study explores the basidiocarp formation biology in Pleurotus mushroom using an in silico response to the environmental factors and involvement of the major regulatory genes. The predictive model developed in this study indicates involvement of the key regulatory pathways in the pinhead to fruit body development process. Notably, the major regulatory pathways involved in the conversion of mycelium aggregation to pinhead formation and White Collar protein (PoWC1) binding flavin-chromophore (FAD) to activate respiratory enzymes. Overall, cell differentiation and higher expression of respiratory enzymes are the two important steps for basidiocarp formation. PoWC1 and pofst genes were participate in the structural changes process. Besides this, the PoWC1 gene is also involved in the respiratory requirement, while the OLYA6 gene is the triggering point of fruiting. The findings of the present study could be utilized to understand the detailed mechanism associated with the basidiocarp formation and to cultivate mushrooms at a sustainable level