Questions in/of English

Our starting point is provided by two accounts of observed lessons. The two lessons happened, at more or less the same time, in the same English department in an East London secondary school. Both lessons, observed by the second- and third-named authors, involved the shared reading of the same novel. We are interested in the difference between these two lessons, a difference that is manifested most clearly in the different ways in which questions enter in the two lessons. We argue that this difference is symptomatic of two fundamentally different versions of English as a school subject

The Effects of Education on Preventive Behaviors toward Osteoporosis Based on Behavior Intention Model (BIM) on Female Students

ABSTRACT: Introduction & Objective: Osteoporosis is one of the most prevalent diseases which leave noticeable effects on the health. Life style plays an important role in determining the level of the disease. According to the statistics, two women out of three over 50 years of age and one man out of two of the same age suffer from osteoporosis or have low bone compression. The present study was conducted on female students of Health School of Yasuj University of Medical Sciences in 1386 (2007) and aimed to view the effects of education on preventive behaviors from osteoporosis based ( BIM). Materials & Methods: This is a semi- experimental study and the population were all of the female students of the health school who attended in Yasuj University of Medical Sciences in 1384 (2005). Eighty two respondents randomly placed in two groups of case & control (42 in case group and 40 in control group). Questionnaires were designed based on BIM. The samples were studied by educating program according to BIM and implemented in the form of lecture and group discussion over 3 months and 4 meetings in each month. Each meeting took an hour and half. The questionnaires were completed by both groups and analyzed by the SPSS software. Results: Based on the results, according to behavior intention model the average score of students above osteoporosis was 65.48 prior to intervention and it reached 90.24 after intervention which showed significant improvements. Conclusion: With regard to the results of the current study, special education based on behavior intention model is effective in improving the attitude and behavior intention of female students. Therefore it is highly recommended that BIM education be used for familiarizing osteoporosis to female students. Keywords: Behavior intention, Osteoporosis, Female student

Droplet genealogy

10.1038/nphys276Nature Physics24223-22

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Cynanchum acutum L. Isolated Flavonoids Using Experimentally Induced Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Biological and In Silico Investigation for NF-κB Pathway/miR-146a Expression Modulation

Cynanchum acutum L. is a climbing vine that belongs to the family Apocynaceae. Using different chromatographic techniques, seven compounds were isolated from the methanolic extract of the plant. The isolated compounds include six flavonoid compounds identified as rutin (1), quercetin-3-O-neohesperidoside (2), quercetin-3-O-β-galactoside (3), isoquercitrin (4), quercetin (5), and kaempferol 3-O-β-glucoside (6), in addition to a coumarin, scopoletin (7). The structures of the compounds were elucidated based on 1D NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS), and by comparison with data reported in the literature. The first five compounds were selected for in vivo investigation of their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. All tested compounds significantly reduced oxidative stress and increased erythrocyte lysate levels of antioxidant enzymes, along with the amelioration of the serum levels of inflammatory markers. Upregulation of miR-146a expression and downregulation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) expression were detected in the liver and adipose tissue of rats treated with the isolated flavonoids. Results from the biological investigation and those from the validated molecular modeling approach on two biological targets of the NF-κB pathway managed to highlight the superior anti-inflammatory activity of quercetin-3-O-galactoside (3) and quercetin (5), as compared to other bioactive metabolites

Spinal adenosine A2A receptor inhibition enhances phrenic long term facilitation following acute intermittent hypoxia

Phrenic long term facilitation (pLTF) is a form of respiratory plasticity induced by acute intermittent hypoxia. pLTF requires spinal serotonin receptor activation, new BDNF synthesis and TrkB receptor activation. Spinal adenosine 2A (A2A) receptor activation also elicits phrenic motor facilitation, but by a distinct mechanism involving new TrkB synthesis. Because extracellular adenosine increases during hypoxia, we hypothesized that A2A receptor activation contributes to acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH)-induced pLTF. A selective A2A receptor antagonist (MSX-3, 8 μg kg−1, 12 μl) was administered intrathecally (C4) to anaesthetized, vagotomized and ventilated male Sprague–Dawley rats before AIH (three 5 min episodes, 11% O2). Contrary to our hypothesis, pLTF was greater in MSX-3 versus vehicle (aCSF) treated rats (97 ± 6%vs. 49 ± 4% at 60 min post-AIH, respectively; P < 0.05). MSX-3 and aCSF treated rats did not exhibit facilitation without AIH (time controls; 7 ± 5% and 9 ± 9%, respectively; P > 0.05). A second A2A receptor antagonist (ZM2412385, 7 μg kg−1, 7 μl) enhanced pLTF (85 ± 11%, P < 0.05), but an adenosine A1 receptor antagonist (DPCPX, 3 μg kg−1, 10 μl) had no effect (51%± 8%, P > 0.05), indicating specific A2A receptor effects. Intrathecal methysergide (306 μg kg−1, 15μl) blocked AIH-induced pLTF in both MSX-3 and aCSF treated rats, confirming that enhanced pLTF is serotonin dependent. Intravenous MSX-3 (140 μg kg−1, 1 ml) enhanced both phrenic (104 ± 7%vs. 57 ± 5%, P < 0.05) and hypoglossal LTF (46 ± 13%vs. 28 ± 10%; P < 0.05). In conclusion, A2A receptors constrain the expression of serotonin-dependent phrenic and hypoglossal LTF following AIH. A2A receptor antagonists (such as caffeine) may exert beneficial therapeutic effects by enhancing the capacity for AIH-induced respiratory plasticity