A THERAPEUTIC JOURNEY OF MIXED LIGAND COMPLEXES CONTAINING 1,10-PHENANTROLINE DERIVATIVES: A REVIEW

Schiff bases have been exposed to reveal a wide range of biological activities, including antifungal, antibacterial, antimalarial, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antipyretic properties. Mixed ligand complexes can be a synthetic challenge to tune the properties of the transition metal complexes. The review of this paper covers updated information on the most active mixed ligand metal complexes of 1,10-phenantroline derivatives that have been reported to prove considerable pharmacological actions such as, antifungal, antibacterial, antitumor, antimalarial, antiviral and other biological activities. In the present study, we summarized the biological aspects, chemistry and applications of some important mixed ligand complexes. This review is balancing to earlier reviews and aims to review the work reported on various biological activities of mixed ligand complexes bearing 1,10-phenantroline derivatives from year 2000 to the beginning of 2016

Assessment of medication adherence using medication adherence rating scale-5 in patients with major non-communicable diseases at tertiary care hospital

Background: To assess the medication adherence using medication adherence rating scale (MARS-5) for achieving good clinical outcomes in patients with major non-communicable chronic diseases who are undergoing long-term therapy and to compare the adherence between adult and geriatric patients based on patient counselling.Methods: A Prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Medicine, Raja Muthiah Medical College Hospital (RMMCH), Chidambaram, India over a period of 6 months. Patient details were collected using self-designed patient proforma. Patients’ medication adherence was assessed using MARS-5 and patients were counselled regarding drug use with the help of pictograms and daily monitoring sheet.Results: A total of 150 patients were enrolled in the study out of which 77 were adults and 73 were from the geriatric population. 65.33% were affected with comorbid conditions. Non-compliance was mainly due to forgetfulness, lack of assistance in the elderly population, polypharmacy and also due to failing to refill prescriptions. Nearly half of the population about 40% showed poor adherence before patient counselling and was reduced to 13.33% after proper patient counselling. And the medication adherence was found to be more among the adults 90.90% when compared to the geriatric population 82.19%.Conclusions: A new approach through pharmaceutical care was implemented; it mainly aims in delivering information regarding the importance of therapy in non-communicable chronic illness and also on the non-therapeutic considerations. It also focuses in conveying the importance of their lives to their families and to the society, thereby improving the adherence to medicine

Poly (γ-) Glutamic Acid : A Promising Biopolymer

Poly (γ-) glutamic acid is a polymer of L or D - Glutamic acid units produced by          microorganisms as a defense mechanism as an act of stress tolerance. Production of γ-PGA by microbial source has been gaining attention due to its low cost of production and varied application with high compatibility and high biodegradability. Its application ranges from food industry to waste water treatment. γ-PGA is a major constituent of Japanese food - natto. PGA has vast applications in food, pharmaceuticals, healthcare, water treatment and other fields. The high research interest that currently is developing for γ-PGA is due to its potential as a biomedical material with a high biocompatibility and a fair biodegradability. In fact, γ-PGA is extensively used as a food additive and it is known to be hydrolytically degradable by water with or without intervening of proteases. An incessant number of publications dealing with the use of γ-PGA as drug delivery system are appearing in these last few years and several processes have been developed at large scale which are able to afford great amounts of this compound for industrial uses

Lean homogenous combustion of E-diesel using external mixture formation technique

For the past one hundred years, lots of easily accessible petroleum fuel has been burned out by humankind in inefficient engines. In this regard, present-day engine researchers face a formidable challenge to achieve the goal of significant improvements in both thermal efficiency and fuel economy. Although the direction to reach this target is critical, homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is just another combustion concept to achieve this target. By the way, this work investigates the combustion phenomena of the HCCI engine by external mixture formation technique. In a nut-shell, an endeavor has been made in this work to prepare homogeneous mixture outside the combustion chamber using a fuel vaporizer system to form a uniform fuel–air mixture. The fundamental research experiments were carried out with vaporized diesel and vaporized e-diesel blends (10% and 20% ethanol substitution by volume), and the results were compared with conventional diesel engine operation. In HCCI mode, the maximum rate of pressure rises and the maximum rate of heat-release significantly reduced with increase of ethanol concentration in diesel. The experimental outcomes exposed that when HCCI engine is operated with e-diesel blend, smooth engine operation is apparent

Bacoside-A Improves Antioxidant Enzymes and Alleviates Oxidative Stress Coexist with Markers of Renal Function in a Rat Model of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Oxidative stress, imbalanced antioxidants, and dysregulated renal lipids are closely linked with diabetic nephropathy and eventual cause of end-stage renal failure. This study was performed to investigate the protective effect of bacoside-A on markers of lipid peroxidation, renal lipids, and markers of renal function in diabetic rats. Experimental diabetes was induced in Wistar rats by a single dose of streptozotocin [40 mg/kg body weight (BW)] via intraperitoneal injection. Oral administration of bacoside-A (10 mg/kg BW) and glibenclamide, a reference drug, continued for 45 days. Diabetic rats showed a significant increase in the levels of plasma glucose, renal lipids, markers of renal lipid peroxidation, and plasma biomarkers of renal function such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine. A significant decrease in the levels of plasma insulin, nonenzymatic antioxidants, and the activity of enzymatic antioxidants was seen compared with the normal controls. Bacoside-A (10 mg/kg BW) and glibenclamide (600 μg/kg BW) administered to diabetic rats resulted in a significant decrease in plasma glucose and renal lipids but a significant increase in the plasma insulin level. In addition, bacoside-A achieved a remarkable increase in the activity of enzymatic antioxidants and the levels of nonenzymatic antioxidants in the renal tissue of diabetic rats, along with significant decreases in the markers of lipid peroxidation and those of renal function, consequently substantiating the protecting effectiveness of bacoside-A in a diabetic state. These biochemical observations were supported by a histopathological study of the renal tissue. The present study suggested that bacoside-A, a triterpenoid, offers a higher renoprotective effect to counter abnormal parameters of renal function in diabetes-induced renal injury

Expression of α-smooth muscle actin in benign and malignant salivary gland tumors: An immunohistochemical study

Background and Objectives: Myoepithelial cells (ME) are known to contribute in the patterning of salivary gland neoplasms (SGN) and possess cytoplasmic smooth muscle actin (SMA) revealed by alpha SMA (α-SMA). The present study aimed to assess the expression of α-SMA in selected benign and malignant SGN (pleomorphic adenoma [PA], mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), and polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA). Materials and Methods: The intensity and pattern of expression of α-SMA were studied in 25 cases of SGN's ACC (n = 7), MEC (n = 8), PA (n = 8), and PLGA (n = 2), and correlated with the histological patterns. Results: Maximum expression of α-SMA in the epithelial compartment was seen in ACC, followed by PA, whereas MEC and PLGA showed completely negative staining. The connective tissue expression was mild in ACC and MEC. The myxoid stroma of PA with “melting” pattern was weakly positive for α-SMA. The stroma in PLGA showed complete negativity. In ACC, α-SMA-positive cells were lining the cribriform spaces, small islands, and dispersed within large islands. Small nests showed complete positivity for α-SMA. Interpretation and Conclusion: In ACC, α-SMA expression supports the involvement of ME in epithelial organization explaining the histological patterns seen. In PA, the expression correlates with the predominantly secretory nature of ME. The absence of epithelial positivity in MEC and PLGA suggest that ME has less role to play in their histogenesis. The weak stromal positivity observed in MEC and ACC may be attributed to the positive immunoreactivity of myofibroblasts playing a role in modulating the course of SGN's