Survival and Functional Outcomes After Hip Fracture Among Nursing Home Residents

Importance Little is known regarding outcomes after hip fracture among long-term nursing home residents. Objective To describe patterns and predictors of mortality and functional decline in activities of daily living (ADLs) among nursing home residents after hip fracture. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective cohort study of 60 111 Medicare beneficiaries residing in nursing homes who were hospitalized with hip fractures between July 1, 2005, and June 30, 2009. Main Outcomes and Measures Data sources included Medicare claims and the Nursing Home Minimum Data Set. Main outcomes included death from any cause at 180 days after fracture and a composite outcome of death or new total dependence in locomotion at the latest available assessment within 180 days. Additional analyses described within-residents changes in function in 7 ADLs before and after fracture. Results Of 60 111 patients, 21 766 (36.2%) died by 180 days after fracture; among patients not totally dependent in locomotion at baseline, 53.5% died or developed new total dependence within 180 days. Within individual patients, function declined substantially after fracture across all ADL domains assessed. In adjusted analyses, the greatest decreases in survival after fracture occurred with age older than 90 years (vs ≤75 years: hazard ratio [HR], 2.17; 95% CI, 2.09-2.26 [P \u3c .001]), nonoperative fracture management (vs internal fixation: HR for death, 2.08; 95% CI, 2.01-2.15 [P \u3c .001]), and advanced comorbidity (Charlson score of ≥5 vs 0: HR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.58-1.73 [P \u3c .001]). The combined risk of death or new total dependence in locomotion within 180 days was greatest among patients with very severe cognitive impairment (vs intact cognition: relative risk [RR], 1.66; 95% CI, 1.56-1.77 [P \u3c .001]), patients receiving nonoperative management (vs internal fixation: RR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.45-1.51 [P \u3c .001]), and patients older than 90 years (vs ≤75 years: RR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.37-1.46 [P \u3c .001]). Conclusions and Relevance Survival and functional outcomes are poor after hip fracture among nursing home residents, particularly for patients receiving nonoperative management, the oldest old, and patients with multiple comorbidities and advanced cognitive impairment. Care planning should incorporate appropriate prognostic information related to outcomes in this population

Medicare Expenditures for Nursing Home Residents Triaged to Nursing Home or Hospital for Acute Infection

To compare Medicare payments of nursing home residents triaged to nursing home with those of nursing home residents triaged to the hospital for acute infection care

Care-Related Risk Factors for Hospital-Acquired Pressure Ulcers in Elderly Adults with Hip Fracture

To identify care-related factors associated with increased incidence of hospital-acquired pressure ulcers (HAPU

Coronavirus disease 2019 and clinical research in U.S. nursing homes

The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has revealed the extreme vulnerability of residents of our nation\u27s more than 15,000 nursing homes. Fewer than 1% of America\u27s population reside in nursing homes, but as reported by the COVID-19 Tracking Project, “this tiny fraction of the country accounts for 35% of U.S. COVID-19 deaths.” Moreover, COVID-19 has disproportionately affected nursing homes with a higher proportion of Black and Hispanic residents. Despite these sobering statistics, the U.S. clinical research enterprise has largely ignored the nursing home population in conducting clinical research on COVID-19. Of the 1.3 million residents of U.S. nursing homes, only a few hundred have participated in randomized controlled trials relating to COVID-19. And while nursing home residents were prioritized for vaccination in the initial COVID-19 allocation phase in the United States, this population was effectively excluded from the pivotal clinical trials of vaccines assessing efficacy and safety. The dire need for scientific evidence to address the escalating crisis in nursing homes became apparent nearly immediately following the onset of the pandemic. Infection prevention and control strategies, therapeutics, vaccine safety and efficacy, and vaccine rollout efforts all would have benefited from rigorous research-based approaches. However, such efforts were impossible not only due to the chaos and lockdowns of nursing homes that occurred with the rapid spread of the virus, but because of circumstances in nursing homes that have existed for decades. In this Commentary, we describe issues that have challenged the conduct of clinical research in nursing homes before and during the pandemic, and which will continue to challenge such efforts into the future

Adherence to hip protectors and implications for U.S. long-term care settings

OBJECTIVES: Determine nursing home characteristics related to adherence to use of a hip protector (HP) to prevent fracture; also describe adherence and related resident characteristics. DESIGN: A multicenter, randomized controlled trial of a HP in which adherence to wearing the HP was monitored by research staff 3 times a week for up to 21 months; data were collected by interviews and chart review. SETTING: Thirty-five nursing homes in Boston, St. Louis, and Baltimore. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 797 eligible residents, 633 (79%) of whom passed the run-in period, 397 (63%) of whom remained in the study until the end of follow-up. INTERVENTION: Residents wore a single HP on their right or left side. MEASUREMENTS: In addition to regular monitoring of adherence, data were collected regarding facility characteristics, staffing, policies and procedures, perception of HPs and related experience, and research staff ratings of environmental and overall quality; and also resident demographic characteristics, and function, health, and psychosocial status. RESULTS: Facility characteristics related to more adherence were not being chain-affiliated; less Medicaid case-mix; fewer residents wearing HPs; more paraprofessional staff training; more rotating workers; and having administrators who were less involved in meetings. CONCLUSION: Efforts to increase adherence to the use of HPs should focus on facilities with more Medicaid case-mix to reduce disparities in care, and those that have less of a culture of training. Staff may need support to increase adherence, and when adherence cannot be maintained, HP use should be targeted to those who remain adherent. Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Regional versus General Anesthesia for Promoting Independence after Hip Fracture (REGAIN): protocol for a pragmatic, international multicentre trial.

INTRODUCTION: Hip fractures occur 1.6 million times each year worldwide, with substantial associated mortality and losses of independence. At present, anaesthesia care for hip fracture surgery varies widely within and between countries, with general anaesthesia and spinal anaesthesia representing the 2 most common approaches. Limited randomised evidence exists regarding potential short-term or long-term differences in outcomes between patients receiving spinal or general anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery. METHODS: The REGAIN trial (Regional vs General Anesthesia for Promoting Independence after Hip Fracture) is an international, multicentre, pragmatic randomised controlled trial. 1600 previously ambulatory patients aged 50 and older will be randomly allocated to receive either general or spinal anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery. The primary outcome is a composite of death or new inability to walk 10 feet or across a room at 60 days after randomisation, which will be assessed via telephone interview by staff who are blinded to treatment assignment. Secondary outcomes will be assessed by in-person assessment and medical record review for in-hospital end points (delirium; major inpatient medical complications and mortality; acute postoperative pain; patient satisfaction; length of stay) and by telephone interview for 60-day, 180-day and 365-day end points (mortality; disability-free survival; chronic pain; return to the prefracture residence; need for new assistive devices for ambulation; cognitive impairment). ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The REGAIN trial has been approved by the ethics boards of all participating sites. Recruitment began in February 2016 and will continue until the end of 2019. Dissemination plans include presentations at scientific conferences, scientific publications, stakeholder engagement efforts and presentation to the public via lay media outlets. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02507505, Pre-results

Rehabilitation after hip fracture for nursing home residents: a controlled feasibility trial

Background This study compared functional outcomes at 3 months after hip fracture surgery between nursing home residents participating in a 10-week outreach rehabilitation program and those receiving usual care. Function, health-related quality of life, and mortality were also compared over 12 months, and outreach program feasibility was assessed. Methods A feasibility trial was undertaken in Canadian nursing homes; of 77 participants, 46 were allocated to Outreach and 31 to Control prior to assessing function or cognition. Outreach participants received 10 weeks of rehabilitation (30 sessions), and Control participants received usual posthospital fracture care in their nursing homes. The primary outcome was the Functional Independence Measure Physical Domain (FIMphysical) score 3 months post-fracture; we also explored FIM Locomotion and Mobility. Secondary outcomes were FIM scores, EQ-5D-3L scores, and mortality over 12 months. Program feasibility was also evaluated. Results The mean age was 88.7 ± 7.0 years, 55 (71%) were female, and 58 (75%) had severe cognitive impairment with no significant group differences (p > .14). Outreach participants had significantly higher FIM Locomotion than usual care (p = .02), but no significant group differences were seen in FIMphysical or FIM Mobility score 3 months post-fracture. In adjusted analyses, Outreach participants reported significant improvements in all FIM and EQ-5D-3L scores compared with Control participants over 12 months (p < .05). Mortality did not differ by group (p = .80). Thirty (65%) Outreach participants completed the program. Conclusions Our feasibility trial demonstrated that Outreach participants achieved better locomotion by 3 months post-fracture compared with participants receiving usual postfracture care; benefits were sustained to 12 months post-fracture. In adjusted analyses, Outreach participants also showed sustained benefits in physical function and health-related quality of life