Chronic knee stiffness and swelling in a Zimbabwean adolescent.

A 12-year-old Zimbabwean girl presented with tuberculous monoarthritis. She was moderately wasted, stunted and sexually immature. These clinical findings lead to the diagnosis of underlying HIV infection, which was thought to have been acquired from mother-to-child transmission

Cholangiocarcinoma presenting in an adolescent with vertically acquired HIV infection.

An adolescent with long-standing HIV infection who was severely immunosuppressed during HIV diagnosis developed cholangiocarcinoma 1.5 years after starting antiretroviral therapy