チュウガクセイ ノ シャカイテキ シコウリョク ハンダンリョク ノ ハッタツ ニ カンスル ケンキュウ I : レキシテキ ブンヤ オ ジレイ トシタ チョウサ オ トオシテ

The objective of this study is to clarify developmental transformations in social perception through a developmental survey which focuses on social thinking abilities and judgment abilities in junior high school students. This survey and analysis, while assuming social thinking abilities and judgment abilities in the context of social sciences to be composed of the five elements of actual judgment abilities, inductive inference abilities, deductive reasoning abilities, social judgment abilities and critical thinking abilities, discussed the following two points. (1) Developmental tendencies in junior high school students’ social thinking abilities and judgment abilities; (2) the relationship of the several abilities which comprise social thinking abilities and judgment abilities. In the results of the analysis of data from junior high school students, it was observed that there was a tendency for deductive reasoning abilities, social judgment abilities and critical thinking abilities to rise in line with students’ progress through the school grades, with this extension being particularly marked between the second grade and third grade. The study found a sequential order in the degree of difficulty of the abilities, proceeding from inductive inference abilities and deductive reasoning abilities to social judgment and then from social judgment to critical thinking abilities, as well as mutual relationships between the different abilities

Entry from the Cell Surface of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus with Cleaved S Protein as Revealed by Pseudotype Virus Bearing Cleaved S Protein▿

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is known to take an endosomal pathway for cell entry; however, it is thought to enter directly from the cell surface when a receptor-bound virion spike (S) protein is affected by trypsin, which induces cleavage of the S protein and activates its fusion potential. This suggests that SARS-CoV bearing a cleaved form of the S protein can enter cells directly from the cell surface without trypsin treatment. To explore this possibility, we introduced a furin-like cleavage sequence in the S protein at amino acids 798 to 801 and found that the mutated S protein was cleaved and induced cell fusion without trypsin treatment when expressed on the cell surface. Furthermore, a pseudotype virus bearing a cleaved S protein was revealed to infect cells in the presence of a lysosomotropic agent as well as a protease inhibitor, both of which are known to block SARS-CoV infection via an endosome, whereas the infection of pseudotypes with an uncleaved, wild-type S protein was blocked by these agents. A heptad repeat peptide, derived from a SARS-CoV S protein that is known to efficiently block infections from the cell surface, blocked the infection by a pseudotype with a cleaved S protein but not that with an uncleaved S protein. Those results indicate that SARS-CoV with a cleaved S protein is able to enter cells directly from the cell surface and agree with the previous observation of the protease-mediated cell surface entry of SARS-CoV