Animal-Food-Human Antimicrobial Resistance Fundamentals, Prevention Mechanisms and Global Surveillance Trends: A Terse Review

Background and objective: Food-producing animals can potentially transmit resistant bacterial pathogens to humans with various rates in various microbial species. Confronting the global antimicrobial resistance challenges needs collaboratively collective efforts by countries. Published literatures regarding antimicrobial resistance challenges and surveillance continually increase worldwide. Furthermore, understanding of antimicrobial resistance challenges and surveillance must be improved. Therefore, this brief review included antimicrobial resistance fundamentals and prevention mechanisms and its global surveillance trends specific to animal-food-human pathways. Results and Conclusions: The capacity of antimicrobial resistance to include economic and health effects on various regions of the world must not be underestimated. The nature of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms contributes to its complicated spread mechanisms. Hence, there is the need for effective and efficient methods or strategies to challenge antimicrobial resistance. In addition to the concerns of antimicrobial agents with the developed understanding of the antimicrobial resistance prevention mechanisms, key facts of surveillance, specifically in microbiological contexts, are demonstrated in this review. In recent decades, global surveillance trends have been urged to overcome antimicrobial resistance problems. Due to its complexities, antimicrobial resistance remains a major public health concern with no single strategy to thoroughly prevent emergence or spread of infectious microorganisms

Prevalence and Antibiogram of Generic Enterococci in Ready-to-Slaughter Beef Cattle

<p>Rectal swabs were collected from 95, systematic randomly selected, apparently healthy beef cattle, in order to isolate generic enterococci in Nsukka Southeast, Nigeria, and thus to determine the antibacterial resistance profile of the isolates. Isolation of enterococci was done using Slanetz-Bartley enterococci selective medium. Phenotypic characterization of the isolates to generic level was done following standard biochemical methods. Phenotypic resistance of the isolates to antibacterial agents was determined using the disc diffusion method. From 95 swabs, 93 (97.89%) were positive for enterococci. Of the 93 isolates, 10 (10.75%) were haemolytic <em>Enterococcus</em> species, while 83 (89.25%) were non-haemolytic <em>Enterococcus</em> species. Out of 75 isolates, all (100%) were resistant to cefoxitin, 66 (88%) were resistant to ampicillin, 71 (94%) to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, 68(90.7%) to ceftriaxone, 42 (56%) to streptomycin, 74 (98.67%) to gentamicin, 16 (21.3%) to tetracycline, 5 (6.7%) to vancomycin, 62 (82.7%) to sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and 1 (1.3%) to chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin. None of the isolate was resistant to imipenem. The enterococcal isolates exhibited 22 resistance patterns. Out of 75 isolates, 1 (1.3%) isolate was resistant to 1 class of antibacterial agents, 9 (12%) were resistant to 2 classes, and 65 (86.7%) to 3 or more classes. This study has shown that cattle slaughtered in Nsukka Southeast Nigeria are potential reservoirs and disseminators of multidrug-resistant enterococci.</p

Antibacterial Resistance in African Catfish Aquaculture: a Review

Antibacterial resistance (AR) is currently one of the greatest threats to mankind as it constitutes health crisis. Extensive use of antibacterial agents in human and veterinary medicine, and farm crops have resulted in emergence of antibacterial-resistant organisms in different environmental settings including aquaculture. Antibacterial resistance in aquaculture is a serious global concern because antibacterial resistance genes (ARGs) can be transferred easily from aquaculture setting to other ecosystems and the food chain. African catfish (ACF) aquaculture has increased at a phenomenal rate through a continuous process of intensification, expansion and diversification. Risk of bacterial diseases has also increased and consequently there is increased use of antibacterial agents for treatment. Antibacterial resistance in ACF aquaculture has huge impact on the food chain and thus represents risk to public and animal health. In “one health” approach of curbing AR, knowledge of the sources, mechanisms and magnitude of AR in ACF aquaculture and its potential impact on the food chain is important in designing and prioritizing monitoring programs that may generate data that would be relevant for performing quantitative risk assessments, implementation of antibacterial stewardship plans, and developing effective treatment strategies for the control of ACF disease and reducing risk to public health. This review provides insight on the sources, mechanisms, prevalence and impact of antibacterial resistance in ACF aquaculture environment, a setting where the impact of AR is neglected or underestimated

Prevalence and Antibiogram of Generic Extended-Spectrum β-Lactam-Resistant Enterobacteria in Healthy Dogs

This study was conducted to isolate generic extended-spectrum β-lactam-resistant enterobacteria from household dogs in Nigeria, and to determine the antibacterial resistance profile of the isolates. Rectal swabs were collected from 100, randomly selected, apparently healthy household dogs. Isolation of ESBL-resistant enterobacteria was done using Mac Conkey agar supplemented with 4 µg/ml of ceftazidime. Phenotypic characterization of the isolates to generic level was done following standard biochemical methods. Phenotypic resistance of the isolates to antibacterial agents was determined using the disc diffusion method. Out of 27 ESBL-resistant enterobacterial isolates, 40.7% were Escherichia coli, 37% were Klebsiella species, 18.5% were Salmonella species, while 3.7% was Proteus species. Resistance of the E. coli isolates was 81.8% to ampicillin, 27.2% to streptomycin, 54.5% to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline, 45.4% to enrofloxacin, 90.9% to sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim, 9.1% to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and 0% resistant to gentamicin. Resistance of the Klebsiella isolates was 80% to ampicillin, 20% to streptomycin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, 30% to ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin, 60% to tetracycline, 90% to sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim and 10% to gentamicin. Resistance of the Salmonella isolates was 100% to sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim, 80% to gentamicin and ampicillin, 60% to streptomycin and tetracycline, 20% to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and 0% to ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin. The Proteus isolate was resistant to streptomycin and gentamycin. All the isolates were resistant to ceftazidime and cefotaxime. Resistance of the isolates to more than 3 classes of antibacterial agents tested was 81.8% for E. coli, 70% for Klebsiella and 100% for Salmonella, respectively. This study has shown that household dogs in Nigeria, are colonized by ESBL-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and are potential reservoirs and disseminators of these organisms

Molecular epidemiology, genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from chicken and pig carcasses, and carcass handlers.

The epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in food animals, associated products, and their zoonotic potential in Nigeria are poorly understood. This study aimed to provide data on the prevalence, genetic characteristics and antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus isolated from chicken and pig carcasses, and persons in contact with the carcasses at slaughterhouses in Nigeria. Surface swabs were collected randomly from 600 chicken and 600 pig carcasses. Nasal swabs were collected from 45 workers in chicken slaughterhouses and 45 pig slaughterhouse workers. S. aureus isolates were analyzed by spa typing. They were also examined for presence of the Panton-Valentine Leucocidin (PVL) and mecA genes, as well as for antimicrobial resistance phenotype. Overall, 53 S. aureus isolates were recovered (28 from chicken carcasses, 17 from pig carcasses, 5 from chicken carcass handlers and 3 from pig carcass handlers). Among the isolates, 19 (35.8%) were PVL-positive and 12 (22.6%) carried the mecA gene. The 53 isolates belonged to 19 spa types. The Based Upon Repeat Pattern (BURP) algorithm separated the isolates into 2 spa-clonal complexes (spa-CC) and 9 singletons including 2 novel spa types (t18345 and t18346). The clonal complexes (CC) detected were CC1, CC5, CC8, CC15, CC88 and CC152. CC15-related isolates represented by spa type t084 (32.1%) and CC5 represented by spa type t311 (35.3%) predominated among isolates from chicken carcasses/ handlers, and pig carcasses/ handlers, respectively. Multidrug resistance exhibited by all the CC except CC8, was observed among isolates from chicken carcasses (64.3%), pig carcasses (41.2%), handlers of chicken meat (40.0%) and handlers of pork (33.3%). All the CC showed varying degrees of resistance to tetracycline while CC15 and CC5 exhibited the highest resistance to sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim and erythromycin, respectively. The predominant antimicrobial resistance pattern observed was penicillin-tetracycline-sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (PEN-TET-SXT). In conclusion, food animals processed in Enugu State in Southeast Nigeria are potential vehicles for transmission of PVL-positive multiple-drug resistant S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus from farm to slaughterhouse and potentially to the human population. Public health intervention programs at pre- and post-slaughter stages should be considered in Nigerian slaughterhouses

The Effect of Cinnamon Extract on Spermatogenesis and

Mineral elements are important nutrients in animal diets because they participate in metabolic, enzymatic and biochemical reactions needed for sustenance, feed efficiency, growth and development of animals. According to UnderGenerally, only a fraction of the mineral ingested by an animal is effectively absorbed, while most are bound to other components such as fibre and then excreted. In this study, faecal mineral composition differentials were used as indicators of mineral uptake by pullets supplemented varying levels of plantain ash in their daily rations for nine weeks. Plantain stalk and root base samples were collected, sun dried and ashed to produce plantain stalk ash (PSA) and root base ash (PRA), respectively. Ninety six (96) day old Isa Brown pullets were reared to 15 weeks of age and thereafter divided into 2 major groups of 48 birds each. Each group was divided into 4 subgroups of 12 birds each and each subgroup divided into three replicates giving four birds per replicate in a completely randomized design. The PSA and PRA were fed to the pullets as mineral supplements to commercial grower from the 15 th to 18 th week (4 wk) and layer mashes from the 19 th to 24 th week (6 wk) at the rate 0, 1, 2 and 3 g per kg body weight so that one group received PSA and the other PRA. In each case, the zero supplementation served as control. At the 9 th week of feeding, faecal samples were collected from the groups, dried in the sun and analyzed for their mineral compositions by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Among the macro minerals, both PSA and PRA supplementation resulted in reductions in the faecal concentrations of K and Mg, with increasing supplementation level, resulting in further reduction of faecal content of these minerals. Mg showed highly significant (P&lt;0.05, P&lt;0.01) regression effects for PSA and PRA, respectively. Reductions in faecal Ni and Fe concentrations were high (47.62 and 79.19%) across 1 g/kg body weight (BW) PSA and PRA supplementations, while it was 83.33% for Mn at the same 1 g/kg BW PRA supplementation. Ni (PSA) and Cr (PSA and PRA) values were significant (P&lt;0.10) for regression effects, implying that the faecal values of these minerals could be predicted from any given quantity of plantain ash using the regression equations. PRA supplementations resulted in increasing faecal content of the two heavy metals, that is, lead and cadmium, indicating selective poor intestinal absorption of these. Plantain ash could serve as potential sources of absorbable mineral supplements and also could improve mineral uptake from commercial diets offered to pullets