Bonapartism in the South Pacific: The Bainimarama Government in Fiji

This Discussion Paper argues instead that the current government constitutes a particular, different and distinct form of class representation. While all governments in capitalist societies represent both capital and labour, the Bainimarama Government does so in a specific manner. During the period from 2006 until the 2014 election, the main existing forms of political representation were overturned and marginalised.AusAI

Crunch-time for the University of Papua New Guinea

After a promising start as the place where many of the country�s future leaders were educated, the University of Papua New Guinea is now a shadow of its former self. With minimal international support and destructive government policies ranking tertiary education of little importance for development, UPNG now operates on a budget totally inadequate to run a contemporary university. The minimal coverage of UPNG�s decline in the national media is reflected in a poorly run journalism programme which has had a stop-start history. By comparison, the University of the South Pacific thrives and its management set targets to raise the proportion of people from member countries who attend tertiary education. International support, financial as well as supervisory, continues to make a major contribution to USP�s operations. During major crises in Fiji, where USP�s main campus is located, journalism students at the university have performed exemplary roles. Even the controversies which repeatedly surface about the programme indicate its continuing importance at USP. This essay argues that only the formation of a substantial consortium, with international donors joining a PNG government committed to a dramatic reversal of policy, can rescue what began as the country�s premier tertiary institution. The demand for skilled and managerial labour in the South Pacific�s second largest country, by population, requires a revitalised UPNG which could in turn lead a major reform of tertiary education and indeed all education

Trapped: Smallholder Coffee Producers in the Papua New Guinea Highlands

AusAI

Coffee in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea: The Early Years?

This paper demonstrates the international trend from the 19th century for smallholders to become predominant in the production of many agricultural commodities central to the global expansion of capitalism. Explaining how that dominance arose and its continuing main characteristics is the central objective of this Discussion Paper.AusAI

Design of an HF transmit antenna for bistatic ionospheric soundings in Antarctica

Studying high-latitude travelling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) is of importance be-cause they often correspond to space weather events which affect the earth's climate. The South African National Space Agency (SANSA) plans to install a low-powered high frequency (HF) transmitter at the South Pole for use in a bistatic ionospheric sounding system intended to detect such TIDs. The aim of this dissertation was to design a suitable transmitter antenna such that propagating skywave signals could successfully be received by the SANAE SuperDARN radar some 2090 km away. A transmitter beacon with an operating frequency of 12.57 MHz and a maximum 1 W power output has already been designed previously for the system. A highly directional antenna was required to reduce interference with another existing SuperDARN radar situated at the South Pole Observatory. A key goal was to transmit as little power as possible, with mainly narrowband antennas being taken into account. Additionally, a wide azimuth beamwidth was desired to allow for the possible illumination of other nearby Antarctic SuperDARN stations. The rest of the parameters were not defined explicitly and were established during the design process. More specifically, the antenna gain, elevation beamwidth and transmitter power required to achieve successful communication had to be determined. A thorough investigation of HF ionospheric propagation was undertaken, with the po-lar ionosphere and its impact on system functionality being of particular concern. Freely available propagation prediction tools were reviewed and ICEPAC was selected for use based on its high-latitude capabilities. It was discovered that the models used in both ICEPAC and the online Virginia Tech SuperDARN ray tracer ignore the presence of the extraordinary wave mode, the significance of which was discussed. The non-deviative radiowave absorption in the D and lower E layers of the ionosphere is one of the most notable contributors to total transmission loss. Consequently, manual calculations of it were done(for both extraordinary and ordinary wave modes) by using the magnetoionic Appleton-Hartree equations in conjunction with relevant ionospheric and geophysical models. These results were used to supplement the transmission losses estimated by ICEPAC to ensure that enough power is supplied to allow for both wave modes to reach the receiver. The properties of the lossy ice ground at the South Pole were researched in depth and a multi-layered substrate ground plane was modelled for use in FEKO simulations. Several antennas were investigated through an iterative design process and a three-element rectangular loop Yagi-Uda was chosen for final consideration. This was because it not only performed the best but was the most compact antenna and allows for easy transportation and construction with minimal equipment. Ultimately, based on the research presented in this dissertation, a final transmitter antenna has been designed which is believed will operate successfully for its intended purpose

More Guidance Please: Proving Prejudicial Error under the APA

In response to widespread brown- and black-outs, Congress passed the Energy Policy Act in 2005. Under this Act, the Department of Energy must conduct a nationwide study of congestion in transmission lines every three years. Because the results of these studies may affect rights traditionally reserved to the states, DOE must prepare each study in consultation with affected states. In California Wilderness Coalition v. U.S. Department of Energy, the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held that DOE failed to consult with affected states and applied a broad test to find an error that violated the harmless error doctrine. The dissent would have applied a more technical test thus concluded that a harmless error occurred. This Comment explores various harmless error tests and suggests that litigation on this issue would be more predictable if the Supreme Court were to provide additional guidance for substantive and procedural errors