Formas de desmame do aleitamento materno: revisão de literatura

Pesquisa sem auxílio de agências de fomentoTrabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Graduação)Introdução: A nutrição adequada é de suma importância para o crescimento e desenvolvimento de crianças, principalmente quando se trata dos primeiros anos de vida. O leite materno é a forma de aquisição alimentar mais rica e ideal nesse período, o mesmo é dividido em fases, sendo colostro, leite de transição e leite maduro. Todos eles têm suas importâncias e se mantém na medida e composição meticulosos para a sustentação do lactente. Objetivos: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo discorrer sobre a importância do aleitamento materno, bem como elucidar os diferentes tipos de desmame que podem ocorrer com a criança e suas consequências. Metodologia: Trata-se de um artigo de revisão da literatura mediante os descritores: aleitamento materno, desmame, desmame gentil, desmame precoce e desmame natural. Os artigos selecionados variam dos anos de 2001 a 2021. Revisão de Literatura: A Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) recomenda o aleitamento materno por pelo menos dois, sendo os seis primeiros meses de idade de forma exclusiva. O desmame é o processo de suspender a alimentação com leite materno, podendo ter diferentes aspectos a depender da idade da criança e da forma como acontece. Conclusão: Conclui-se que o aleitamento é de suma importância para prevenir doenças, já que proporciona uma nutrição adequada para à criança. As formas de desmame podem gerar grandes impactos para à mãe e para o bebê, devendo ser analisadas para cada caso em específico. O desmame natural é o processo ideal, sendo que o desmame gentil requer planejamento da mãe e o desmame precoce não é aconselhável

Modelação linear da procura turística em Portugal

Nos últimos anos, dada a relevância do sector do turismo para a economia de Portugal, a modelação e previsão de séries económicas relacionadas com o turismo têm tido um crescente interesse. Assim, o principal objectivo do presente trabalho assenta no desenvolvimento de um modelo univariado que explicitamente considere as características peculiares que as séries de turismo evidenciam, tais como, a sazonalidade e a tendência. Recorreu-se para o efeito à série mensal que mede a procura turística: “Dormidas Mensais registadas em Portugal”, para o período compreendido entre Janeiro de 1990 e Dezembro de 2008. Os modelos lineares desenvolvidos apresentaram qualidades estatística e de ajustamento satisfatórias, pelo que se procedeu à sua utilização para efeitos previsionais. Neste contexto, efectuou-se uma comparação dos resultados previstos com os reais, para os anos de 2007 e 2008, apresentando, para o período em análise, um EPAM de 4.2% e um coeficiente de correlação de 0,988

Wildfire patterns and landscape changes in Mediterranean oak woodlands

Fire is infrequent in the oak woodlands of southern Portugal (montado) but large and severe fires affected these agro-forestry systems in 2003–2005. We hypothesised transition from forest to shrubland as a fire-driven process and investigated the links between fire incidence and montado change to other land cover types, particularly those related with the presence of pioneer communities (generically designed in this context as “transitions to early-successional communities”). We present a landscape-scale framework for assessing the probability of transition from montado to pioneer communities, considering three sets of explanatory variables: montado patterns in 1990 and prior changes from montado to early-successional communities (occurred between 1960 and 1990), fire patterns, and spatial factors. These three sets of factors captured 78.2% of the observed variability in the transitions from montado to pioneer vegetation. The contributions of fire patterns and spatial factors were high, respectively 60.6% and 43.4%, the influence of montado patterns and former changes in montado being lower (34.4%). The highest amount of explained variation in the occurrence of transitions from montado to earlysuccessional communities was related to the pure effect of fire patterns (19.9%). Low spatial connectedness in montado landscape can increase vulnerability to changes, namely to pioneer vegetation, but the observed changes were mostly explained by fire characteristics and spatial factors. Among all metrics used to characterize fire patterns and extent, effective mesh size provided the best modelling results. Transitions from montado to pioneer communities are more likely in the presence of high values of the effective mesh size of total burned area. This cross-boundary metric is an indicator of the influence of large fires in the distribution of the identified transitions and, therefore, we conclude that the occurrence of large fires inmontado increases its probability of transition to shrubland

Modelação da procura turística em Portugal: regressão linear versus redes neuronais artificiais

Nos últimos anos, dada a relevância do sector do turismo para a economia de Portugal, a modelação e previsão de séries económicas relacionadas com o turismo têm tido um crescente interesse. Assim, o principal objectivo do presente trabalho assenta no estudo comparativo entre o modelo baseado na regressão linear e o modelo baseado na tecnologia de redes neuronais artificiais. A inclusão destas duas metodologias de natureza diferente, tem como finalidade, perceber a respectiva potencialidade aplicada às características peculiares que as séries de turismo evidenciam, tais como, a sazonalidade e a tendência. Recorreu-se para o efeito à série mensal que mede a procura turística: “Dormidas Mensais Registadas nos Estabelecimentos Hoteleiros em Portugal”, para o período compreendido entre Janeiro de 1990 e Dezembro de 2008. Os modelos desenvolvidos apresentaram qualidades estatísticas e de ajustamento de precisão elevada, pelo que se procedeu à sua utilização para efeitos previsionais. Neste contexto, efectuou-se uma comparação dos resultados previstos com os reais, para os anos de 2007 e 2008, apresentando, para o período em análise, um EPAM de 4.2% e 4.1%, respectivamente para o método de regressão linear (RL) e Redes Neuronais Artificiais (RNA)

Bolton ratios in Portuguese subjects among different malocclusion groups

Several methods have been described to estimate inter-arch tooth size relationship, such as Bolton?s ratios. The aims of this study were to verify the validity of Bolton indexes in a sample of untreated Portuguese subjects based on Angle classification and to evaluate the gender difference. 168 pre-treatment dental casts of orthodontics Portuguese subjects (59 males and 109 females) with different occlusions were used, which were selected randomly from 541 consecutively treated orthodontic patients. The mesiodistal widths from first molar to first molar were measured on each pre-treatment cast to the nearest 0.01 mm using digital caliper, and Bolton?s anterior and overall ratios were calculated. Descriptive statistics as mean, standard deviation and range were calculated. Moreover, the results were compared to Bolton?s ratios and differences based on gender and occlusion groups were evaluated by statistical inference methods. The results reveal that the mean values, standard deviation and range were larger than Bolton?s in normal occlusion group (78.3±3.5% in anterior ratio and 92.1±2.2% in overall ratio) and there were no differences between genders (p >0.05). Class I (anterior and overall ratios, p=0.001 and p<0.001, respectively), Class II/2 (anterior ratio, p=0.032) and Class III (overall ratio, p=0.041) were significantly different from Bolton?s reference data. The results showed no differences between gender and no difference between normal occlusion and malocclusion groups. Moreover, in normal occlusion group, the anterior and overall tooth size ratios was equivalent to the original Bolton?s ratios, although the mean and standard deviation were large

CENTRE OF MASS INTRACYCLIC VELOCITY VARIATION IN THREE VARIANTS OF THE FRONT CRAWL WATER POLO TECHNIQUE

The purpose of this study was to analyse the intracyclic velocity variation (IVV) of the centre of mass (CM) in the x, y, z axes during the stroke cycle event in front crawl, water polo front crawl and water polo front crawl while leading the ball. Ten national level water polo players performed 3x15 m at maximum intensity in each variant of the front crawl technique, being videotaped by six cameras (two above and four underwater). One complete stroke cycle was analyzed for each 15 m test using the APASystem. The numerical treatment was conducted using MATLAB software. IVVx and IVVz showed less variation in the water polo front crawl, and IVVy showed less variation for the water polo front crawl leading the ball. These suggest that water polo players have a greater proficiency in water polo specific swimming techniques rather than in front crawl

Assessment of environment, land management, and spatial variables on recent changes in Montado land cover in southern Portugal

Montado decline has been reported since the end of the nineteenth century in southern Portugal and increased markedly during the 1980s. Consensual reports in the literature suggest that this decline is due to a number of factors, such as environmental constraints, forest diseases, inappropriate management, and socioeconomic issues. An assessment on the pattern of montado distribution was conducted to reveal how the extent of land management, environmental variables, and spatial factors contributed to montado area loss in southern Portugal from 1990 to 2006. A total of 14 independent variables, presumably related to montado loss, were grouped into three sets: environmental variables, land management variables, and spatial variables. From 1990 to 2006, approximately 90,054 ha disappeared in the montado area with an estimated annual regression rate of 0.14 % year-1. Variation partitioning showed that the land management model accounted for the highest percentage of explained variance (51.8 %), followed by spatial factors (44.6 %) and environmental factors (35.5 %). These results indicate that most variance in the large-scale distribution of recent montado loss is due to land management, either alone or in combination with environmental and spatial factors. The full GAM model showed that different livestock grazing is one of the most important variables affecting montado loss. This suggests that optimum carrying capacity should decrease to 0.18–0.60 LU ha-1 for livestock grazing in montado under current ecological conditions in southern Portugal. This study also showed that land abandonment, wildfire, and agricultural practices (to promote pastures, crops or fallow lands) were three significant variables influencing montado loss

In-season microcycle quantification of professional women soccer players—external, internal and wellness measures

Although data currently exists pertaining to the intensity in the women’s football match, the knowledge about training is still scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to quantify external (locomotor activity) and internal (psychophysiological) intensities, as well as the wellness profile of the typical microcycle from professional female soccer players during the 2019/20 in-season. Ten players (24.6 ± 2.3 years) from an elite Portuguese women soccer team participated in this study. All variables were collected in 87 training session and 15 matches for analysis from the 2019–2020 in-season. Global positioning variables such total distance, high-speed running, acceleration, deceleration and player load were recorded as intensity while Rated Perceived Exertion (RPE) and session-RPE were recorded as internal measures. The Hooper Index (HI) was collected as a wellness parameter. The results showed that internal and external intensity measures were greater in matches compared to trainings during the week (match day minus [MD-], MD-5, MD-4, MD-2), p < 0.05 with very large effect size (ES). In the same line, higher internal and external intensity values were found in the beginning of the week while the lowest values were found in MD-2 (p < 0.05, with very large ES). Regarding wellness, there was no significant differences in the HI parameters between the training days and match days (p > 0.05). This study confirmed the highest intensity values during MD and the lowest on the training session before the MD (MD-2). Moreover, higher training intensities were found in the beginning of the training week sessions which were then reduced when the MD came close. Wellness parameters showed no variation when compared to intensity measures. This study confirmed the hypothesis regarding internal and external intensity but not regarding wellness.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Exploiting Co(III)-Cyclopentadienyl Complexes To Develop Anticancer Agents

Publisher Copyright: © 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.In recent years, organometallic complexes have attracted much attention as anticancer therapeutics aiming at overcoming the limitations of platinum drugs that are currently marketed. Still, the development of half-sandwich organometallic cobalt complexes remains scarcely explored. Four new cobalt(III)-cyclopentadienyl complexes containing N,N-heteroaromatic bidentate, and phosphane ligands were synthesized and fully characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopic techniques, and DFT methods. The cytotoxicity of all complexes was determined in vitro by the MTS assay in colorectal (HCT116), ovarian (A2780), and breast (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) human cancer cell lines and in a healthy human cell line (fibroblasts). The complexes showed high cytotoxicity in cancer cell lines, mostly due to ROS production, apoptosis, autophagy induction, and disruption of the mitochondrial membrane. Also, these complexes were shown to be nontoxic in vivo in an ex ovo chick embryo yolk sac membrane (YSM) assay.publishersversionpublishe