SISTEMAS DE CULTIVOS NO DESENVOLVIMENTO RADICULAR DA SOJA

One of the characteristics most important in the development ofa culture is the study of the system to root, that ally the different forms ofhandling of the ground, will be able to reflect aspects important of itsperformance. That an experiment with different system of culture in thesoybean was carried through. The treatments had been: conventional system(SC), direct sowing during 5 years (DS5) and direct sowing during 10 years(DS10). Opened 2 trenches for each system and collected the samples of thesoil the culture in full flowering. Each trench had 100 cm of length in theline, enclosing of 10 and 12 plants, with 80 cm of width until reaching toanother line of plantation, consequently eliminating plantation line, withpurpose to inside facilitate to the work of the trench and depth of 60 cm. Theroots had been evaluated by the System Integrated for Analysis of Root deOverture of the Soil. To the long one of the profile of the ground 10 cm andevaluated had been collected samples to each: text of water, density of theground and porosity. The results had allowed to conclude that in theconventional system the roots, in its majority, had been superficial and thatin the system direct plantation, independent of the time, did not havedifferences in the distribution of the roots to the long one of the profile ofthe ground. The density of the ground in the superficial layer was lesser inthe conventional system. The conventional system presented the biggestmacroporosity and small microporosity, being that in the direct independentplantation of the time of this practical it had greater microporosity and lesservalues of macroporosity.Uma das características mais importantes no desenvolvimento deuma cultura é o estudo do sistema radicular, que aliado as formas de manejodo solo, poderá refletir aspectos importantes de seu desempenho. Assim, foirealizado um experimento com alguns sistemas de cultivo na cultura da soja.Os tratamentos foram: sistema convencional (SC), plantio direto durantecinco anos (PD5) e plantio direto durante 10 anos (PD10). Foram abertasduas trincheiras para cada sistema e coletadas amostras de solo com a culturaem pleno florescimento. Cada trincheira tinha 100 cm de comprimentona linha, abrangendo de 10-12 plantas, com 80 cm de largura até alcançar aoutra linha de semeadura, conseqüentemente eliminando linha de semeadura,com finalidade de facilitar o trabalho dentro da trincheira e profundidadede 60 cm. As raízes foram avaliadas pelo Sistema Integrado para Análisede Raízes de Cobertura do Solo (SIARCS). Ao longo do perfil do solo foramcoletadas amostras a cada 10 cm e avaliado: teor de água, densidade do soloe porosidade. Os resultados permitiram concluir que no sistema convencionalas raízes, na sua maioria, foram superficiais e que no sistema plantiodireto, independente do tempo, não houve diferenças na distribuição dasraízes ao longo do perfil do solo. A densidade do solo na camada superficialfoi menor no sistema convencional. O sistema convencional apresentou maiormacroporosidade e menor microporosidade, sendo que no plantio direto, independente do tempo dessa prática, a microporosidade foi maior e menor amacroporosidade

Fruit culture growth in Northeast Brazil and its relationship with work

Fruit growing in Brazil enhances regional development, as it generates income and absorbs local labor. The Brazilian Northeast presents ideal edaphoclimatic conditions for the development of several fruit trees, mainly in irrigated areas. The objective was to analyze the educational level and the relationship between the wages of men and women employed in the fruit sector in the Northeast region of Brazil. Thus, constituting historical series obtained from SIDRA-IBGE. The selected crops were coconut, mango and grape between the years 2001 to 2018; literacy rate and level of education in Brazil and the northeast region, the relationship between male and female genders, percentage of women in formal jobs in the years 2004 to 2015 and average monthly income in Brazil and the Northeast region and male and female genders in the years 2012 to 2015. There was a reduction in the area cultivated with coconut, however, in mango and grape cultures there was no increase in the area. Regarding the harvested area, the coconut-da-baia crop has a larger cultivated area, however, this area has been gradually reduced. In mango and grape crops, no variations were detected in the harvested areas. As for the average production, the grape crop has higher productivity. In the percentage of formal jobs, literacy and level of schooling of women both at national and regional level, there was a linear growth and higher than that of men, however there was a discrepancy in salary between genders even though women had a higher level of schooling.Fruit growing in Brazil enhances regional development, as it generates income and absorbs local labor. The Brazilian Northeast presents ideal edaphoclimatic conditions for the development of several fruit trees, mainly in irrigated areas. The objective was to analyze the educational level and the relationship between the wages of men and women employed in the fruit sector, in the Northeast region of Brazil. The selected crops were those of coconut, mango and grape, between the years 2001 to 2018; literacy rate and level of education in Brazil and the northeast region, the relationship between male and female genders, percentage of women in formal jobs in the years 2004 to 2015 and average monthly income in Brazil and the Northeast region and male and female genders in the years 2012 to 2015. There was a reduction in the area cultivated with coconut, however there was no increase in the area for mango and grape crops. Regarding the harvested area, the coconut crop showed a larger cultivated area, however, this area has been gradually reduced. In mango and grape crops, no variations were detected in the harvested areas. As for the average production, the grape crop has higher productivity. In the percentage of formal jobs, literacy and level of education of women, both nationally and regionally, there was a linear growth and higher than those of men. It is concluded that between men and women in the Northeast region, the salary difference was R$ 354.00, even with women with a higher educational level