Brachycephalic Syndrome in Dogs - Endoscopic Findings in the Airways

Background: Brachycephalic dogs have several abnormalities in the airways, which generate clinical manifestations that impair the quality of life of these animals. Primary alterations promote airflow obstruction and increase intraluminal negative pressure, causing secondary alterations due to a cycle of inflammation with consequent obstruction. With the onset of inflammation and other alterations in the airways, clinical manifestations can be observed, such as snoring, reverse sneezing, coughing, dyspnea, cyanosis, syncope, and vomiting. Endoscopic examination of the airways allows visualization and diagnosis of morphological changes in these animals. This study aimed to evaluate the endoscopic findings of the airways and determine the quantitative and qualitative assessment of the severity of clinical manifestations in 14 dogs with brachycephalic syndrome (BS). Materials, Methods & Results:  Historical and anamnesis data and clinical, respiratory, and digestive manifestations were collected from the owners’ reports. The clinical manifestations were classified as mild, moderate, or severe. All animals were subjected to endoscopy of the airways, and image findings were grouped according to the anatomical site where they were observed, then the abnormalities were correlated with the severity of the clinical manifestations. When comparing the frequency of endoscopic abnormalities with the severity of clinical manifestations, it is interesting to observe that animals with severe disease more frequently presented the following alterations: prolongation and thickening of the soft palate, laryngeal changes, presence of hyperemia, lymphoid hyperplasia and polyps in the nasopharynx, hypoplasia and presence of tracheal secretion and thickening of the dorsal tracheal muscle; bronchial collapse, hypoplasia of the main bronchi and bronchial hyperemia and the presence of aberrant nasal turbinates. Comparison between the means of nonparametric variables was performed using the Mann-Whitney test, with a 5% significance level.  Discussion: A higher frequency of French Bulldog dogs included in the study was observed, probably due to their greater popularity, although any brachycephalic dog may be affected by BS. Considering that nostril stenosis is a congenital alteration, which is usually diagnosed early, and since the animals included in the study were dogs referred for the rhinoplasty procedure the higher frequency of young dogs in the study was not surprising. The results revealed a significant difference in the endoscopic findings with the severity of the clinical manifestations in different variables, such as prolongation and thickening of the soft palate, eversion of the laryngeal saccules, presence of laryngeal inflammation and collapse, presence of polyps or lymphoid hyperplasia in the nasopharynx, thickening of the dorsal muscle of the trachea, polyps in the trachea and hypoplasia in addition to bronchial hyperemia. The larynx was the most affected anatomical site, with alterations present in 92.8% of the evaluated dogs. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that airway obstruction caused by primary alterations can cause secondary alterations, with consequent clinical manifestations in brachycephalic dogs it is possible to suggest that dogs with this syndrome may present severe manifestations of the disease, regardless of age. Furthermore, it can be concluded that in this study, dogs with BS had frequent laryngeal alterations and that alterations in the main bronchi were present in all animals with severe manifestations of the disease. Keywords: airway obstruction, bronchial collapse, endoscopy, larynx

Enterotomia para retirada de fecaloma com evolução de 2 anos: relato de caso

Fecaloma or fecolyte refers to the accumulation of feces that become dry, compacted and retained inside the large intestine where they dehydrate and solidify, leading to intestinal constipation. Its etiology is quite heterogeneous, ranging from infections and intestinal tumors, inadequate water consumption, dehydration, unbalanced diet or ingestion of foreign materials. For the treatment, it is possible to perform drug therapy in order to lubricate the intestinal contents and allow it to be moved to the final portion of the rectum and finally expelled from the organism or, depending on the case, surgical intervention is chosen. In this study, a case of fecaloma treated with enterotomy in Fortaleza will be reported.Fecaloma ou fecólito refere-se ao acúmulo de fezes que ficam secas, compactadas e retidas no intestino grosso onde desidratam e solidificam, levando à constipação intestinal. Sua etiologia é bastante heterogênea, variando desde infecções e tumores intestinais, consumo inadequado de água, desidratação, alimentação desequilibrada ou ingestão de materiais estranhos. Para o tratamento, é possível realizar terapia medicamentosa com o objetivo de lubrificar o conteúdo intestinal e permitir que ele seja deslocado até a porção final do reto e finalmente expelido do organismo ou, dependendo do caso, opta-se pela intervenção cirúrgica. Neste estudo será relatado um caso d

Brucelose Canina: Uma Abordagem Clínica

A brucelose canina é uma enfermidade infectocontagiosa crônica, caracterizada por abortos e esterilidade nas fêmeas e orquite e epididimite nos machos. É uma enfermidade que traz complicações aos proprietários de canis e criadores de cães, além de ser uma zoonose. Provocada principalmente pela bactéria Brucella canis, essa enfermidade é transmitida principalmente através de ingestão, contato oronasal ou conjuntival, inalação, contato venéreo ou por fômites. Para o diagnóstico preciso, é necessário que o médico veterinário utilize na rotina clínica bons exames complementares. Portanto, é necessário que profissionais veterinários tenham um bom conhecimento acerca da doença para realizar uma conduta clínica eficaz.Canine brucellosis is a chronic infectious disease, characterized by abortions and infertility in females and orchitis and epididymitis in males. It is a disease that brings complications to the kennels owners and dog breeders, and is a zoonosis. Mainly caused by the bacteria Brucella canis, this disease is transmitted primarily through ingestion, oronasal or conjunctival contact, inhalation, venereal contact or by fomites. For accurate diagnosis, it is necessary that the veterinarian use in good clinical routine exams. Therefore, it is necessary that veterinary professionals have a good knowledge about the disease to make an effective clinical management

ENDOCARDIOSE DE VALVA MITRAL ASSOCIADA A COMPLICAÇÕES PULMONARES EM CÃO: UMA ABORDAGEM DIAGNOSTICA

Endocardiosis or valve degeneration is the most common progressive chronic heart disease without cure in dogs. In this work, we aimed to report a case of a canine patient presenting with severe endocardiosis complications due to presence of cardiogenic pulmonary edema. The animal was taken to the Centro Diagnostico Veterinario (CDV), which conducted the echocardiography, echocardiogram and thoracic radiography tests. Doppler echocardiogram had mitral and aortic regurgitation . Radiography demonstrated increased cardiac silhouette and pulmonary edema. In electrocardiographic findings, increased P wave duration, increased duration and amplitude of the QRS complex and ST-segment depression were observed . It was concluded that early diagnosis through routine screening is important for the establishment of a proper palliative therapy, until further studies reveal a definitive treatment for the disease.Endocardiose ou degeneração valvar é a doença cardíaca crônica progressiva mais comum sem cura em cães. Neste trabalho, objetivamos relatar o caso de um paciente canino que apresentou complicações graves de endocardiose devido à presença de edema pulmonar cardiogênico. O animal foi levado ao Centro Diagnóstico Veterinário (CDV), onde foram realizados exames de ecocardiograma, ecocardiograma e radiografia de tórax. Ecodopplercardiograma apresentava insuficiência mitral e aórtica. A radiografia demonstrou aumento da silhueta cardíaca e edema pulmonar. Nos achados eletrocardiográficos foram observados aumento da duração da onda P, aumento da duração e amplitude do complexo QRS e depressão do segmento ST. Concluiu-se que o diagnóstico precoce através de exames de rotina é importante para o estabelecimento de uma terapêutica paliativa adequada, até que novos estudos revelem um tratamento definitivo para a doença

Study of the heart rate variability in dogs with brachycephalic syndrome submitted to rhinoplasty surgery

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the HRV in the brachycephalic races, before and after surgical correction of the stenosis of the nostrils, by means of prolonged electrocardiography, observing the excess of the parasympathetic stimulation regarding the occurrence of bradyarrhythmias and their clinical consequences, and possibility of improvement of the autonomic balancing after the treatment, increasing the quality and life expectancy of these patients. Sixteen dogs with nostril stenosis were included, where the analysis and progression of the HRC findings at different moments before the surgical procedure (day 0) and after the procedure were performed in two moments, 30 and 60 days. The technique of alavestibulplasty was performed and HRV analysis was recorded by means of prolonged electrocardiography. For this examination, the indexes were analyzed in the time domain. Regarding the clinical findings, there was an improvement in the evaluation of the heart and respiratory rate, as well as a reduction in parasympathetic activity, as shown in the bradyarrhythmias. Regarding the HRV indexes in the time domain, rMSSD and SDNN associated with mean heart rate findings, have brought strong indications that the reduction of parasympathetic stimulation is related to the reduction of HRV in these animals. The rMSSD is the HRV index in the domain of the time that early changed can be used as indicator of the increase of the parasympathetic activity caused by the Brachycephalic Syndrom

Cardiomiopatia hipertrófica felina: Aspectos relevantes

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a clinically heterogeneous disorder characterized by mild to severe thickening of left ventricular chamber associated with diastolic dysfunction. The main clinical signs are typically respiratory abnormalities secondary to pulmonary edema and/or pleural effusion; mild to severe acute heart failure; and paraparesis/paraplegia caused by arterial thromboembolism. The diagnosis should be based on a positive family history and the causes that cause secondary hypertrophy should be discarded. Echocardiography is currently the gold standard for the diagnosis of this pathology. It is the most common heart disease in adult cats; therefore, it is necessary knowledge of the condition in order to perform an effective clinical management, improving prognosis and quality of life of the animal.A cardiomiopatia hipertrófica é um distúrbio clinicamente heterogêneo caracterizado por espessamento discreto a severo da câmara ventricular esquerda associado à disfunção diastólica. Os principais sinais clínicos são anormalidades respiratórias tipicamente secundárias a edema pulmonar e/ou efusão pleural; insuficiência cardíaca aguda discreta à severa; e paraparesia/paraplegia causada por tromboembolia arterial. O diagnóstico deve ser baseado em uma história familiar positiva e as causas que provocam a hipertrofia secundária devem ser descartadas. A ecocardiografia é atualmente o exame padrão-ouro para o diagnóstico dessa patologia. É a doença cardíaca mais comum em gatos adultos; portanto, é necessário conhecimento acerca desta patologia a fim de realizar uma conduta clínica eficaz, melhorando o prognóstico e qualidade de vida do animal

CARACTERIZAÇÃO DAS ALTERAÇÕES MORFOLÓGICAS EM RINS DE CÃES SOROPOSITIVOS PARA LEISHMANIOSE VISCERAL

Canine visceral leishmaniasis (LVC) is a severe chronic disease that affects dogs and the human being, causing lesions in several organs, for example, liver and kidneys. Abnormalities of renal function lead to an increasing concentration of urea, creatinine, and other non-protein nitrogen compounds in the bloodstream, resulting in azotemia. In this scientific article, 20 adult dogs from the Center for Zoonoses Control (CCZ) in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará, were positive to LVC by indirect immunofluorescence reaction (RIFI) and Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA). Blood and urine samples were collected from the animals for serum creatinine dosage and urinalysis, respectively. After euthanasia, both kidneys were removed and processed for conventional histopathological analysis. In the urinalysis, proteinuria, cylindrury and bacteriuria were observed. Histopathological analysis revealed a discreet interstitial fibrosis in 35% (7/20) of the samples, multifocal glomerulosclerosis and chronic lymphoplasmacytic interstitial nephritis in 20% (4/20) of the total kidneys evaluated. Such histopathological lesions and alterations in the sedimentation are compatible with what has been described in the literature for dogs with LVC. However, a higher percentage of dogs in stage I, according to International Renal Interest Society (IRIS), it demonstrated that histopathological changes were not followed by large changes in creatinine values Serum. The objective of the present paper was to study and characterize the main renal lesions through urinalysis and histopathology in dogs seropositive to Leishmania spp. and staging the chronic renal disease by serum creatinine.A Leishmaniose Visceral Canina (LVC) é uma doença crônica grave, que acomete, principalmente, os cães e também o ser humano, provocando lesões em vários órgãos, por exemplo, fígado e rins. As anormalidades da função renal levam ao aumento da concentração de ureia, creatinina e outros compostos nitrogenados não proteicos na corrente sanguínea, resultando em um quadro de azotemia. Nesse trabalho, foram utilizados 20 cães adultos positivos para LVC, mediante reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI) e Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA), provenientes do Centro de Controle de Zoonoses – CCZ da cidade de Fortaleza - Ceará. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue e urina dos animais, para dosagem de creatinina sérica e realização da urinálise, respectivamente. Após o óbito, ambos os rins foram retirados e processados para o exame histopatológico convencional. Na urinálise, foram observadas, principalmente, proteinúria, cilindrúria e bacteriúria. O exame histopatológico revelou fibrose intersticial discreta em 35% (7/20) das amostras, glomeruloesclerose multifocal e nefrite intersticial linfoplasmocitária crônica em 20% (4/20) do total de rins avaliados. Tais lesões histopatológicas renais e alterações na sedimentoscopia são compatíveis com o que tem sido descrito na literatura para cães portadores de LVC. Contudo, a maior porcentagem de cães em estádio I, de acordo com a International Renal Interest Society (IRIS), demonstrou que as alterações histopatológicas renais não foram seguidas por grandes mudanças nos valores de creatinina sérica. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar e caracterizar as principais lesões renais, através de urinálise e histopatológicas em cães soropositivos para Leishmania spp e estabelecer o estadiamento da doença renal crônica, mediante dosagem de creatinina sérica

Gastrotomia em cão para remoção de corpo estranho em esôfago caudal. Relato de Caso

Corpos estranhos são objetos digeríveis ou não e que podem causar obstrução esofágica. Uma vez localizado, o clínico deve decidir entre observar sua passagem ou realizar a remoção, sendo a intervenção imediata a mais recomendada. Com isso, objetivou-se relatar um caso de corpo estranho no esôfago caudal de um canino, fêmea, 8 anos, apresentando histórico de regurgitação e hiporexia. Com base na anamnese e nos achados do exame físico, foram realizadas radiografias nas posições látero-lateral e ventro-dorsal, que evidenciou presença de imagem radiopaca (osso), confirmando a presença de corpo estranho esofágico. Além disso, foi solicitado ultrassonografia e exames de bioquímica sérica, todos sem alterações. Como conduta, foi realizada gastrotomia para a remoção do osso e desobstrução

Brachycephalic Syndrome in Dogs - Endoscopic Findings in the Airways

Background: Brachycephalic dogs have several abnormalities in the airways, which generate clinical manifestations that impair the quality of life of these animals. Primary alterations promote airflow obstruction and increase intraluminal negative pressure, causing secondary alterations due to a cycle of inflammation with consequent obstruction. With the onset of inflammation and other alterations in the airways, clinical manifestations can be observed, such as snoring, reverse sneezing, coughing, dyspnea, cyanosis, syncope, and vomiting. Endoscopic examination of the airways allows visualization and diagnosis of morphological changes in these animals. This study aimed to evaluate the endoscopic findings of the airways and determine the quantitative and qualitative assessment of the severity of clinical manifestations in 14 dogs with brachycephalic syndrome (BS). Materials, Methods & Results:  Historical and anamnesis data and clinical, respiratory, and digestive manifestations were collected from the owners’ reports. The clinical manifestations were classified as mild, moderate, or severe. All animals were subjected to endoscopy of the airways, and image findings were grouped according to the anatomical site where they were observed, then the abnormalities were correlated with the severity of the clinical manifestations. When comparing the frequency of endoscopic abnormalities with the severity of clinical manifestations, it is interesting to observe that animals with severe disease more frequently presented the following alterations: prolongation and thickening of the soft palate, laryngeal changes, presence of hyperemia, lymphoid hyperplasia and polyps in the nasopharynx, hypoplasia and presence of tracheal secretion and thickening of the dorsal tracheal muscle; bronchial collapse, hypoplasia of the main bronchi and bronchial hyperemia and the presence of aberrant nasal turbinates. Comparison between the means of nonparametric variables was performed using the Mann-Whitney test, with a 5% significance level.  Discussion: A higher frequency of French Bulldog dogs included in the study was observed, probably due to their greater popularity, although any brachycephalic dog may be affected by BS. Considering that nostril stenosis is a congenital alteration, which is usually diagnosed early, and since the animals included in the study were dogs referred for the rhinoplasty procedure the higher frequency of young dogs in the study was not surprising. The results revealed a significant difference in the endoscopic findings with the severity of the clinical manifestations in different variables, such as prolongation and thickening of the soft palate, eversion of the laryngeal saccules, presence of laryngeal inflammation and collapse, presence of polyps or lymphoid hyperplasia in the nasopharynx, thickening of the dorsal muscle of the trachea, polyps in the trachea and hypoplasia in addition to bronchial hyperemia. The larynx was the most affected anatomical site, with alterations present in 92.8% of the evaluated dogs. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that airway obstruction caused by primary alterations can cause secondary alterations, with consequent clinical manifestations in brachycephalic dogs it is possible to suggest that dogs with this syndrome may present severe manifestations of the disease, regardless of age. Furthermore, it can be concluded that in this study, dogs with BS had frequent laryngeal alterations and that alterations in the main bronchi were present in all animals with severe manifestations of the disease. Keywords: airway obstruction, bronchial collapse, endoscopy, larynx

Diagnóstico clínico-terapêutico de um gato com Doença Renal Crônica positivo para Imunodeficiência Viral e infecção urinária

Kidney chronic disease is the most frequently diagnosed disease in companion animals and it is the second cause of death in cats. Major clinical signs in cats are weight loss, anorexia / loss of appetite, dehydration, depression, polydipsia, polyuria, vomiting, weakness, and constipation. Obtaining an accurate diagnosis and improving management and prognosis of renal ill is easier accomplished by a careful medical history and use of complementary tests such as hematological, biochemical, imaging, and urinary. Therapeutic approach is performed according to the stages of CKD determined by IRIS. The treatment should be adapted for each patient. The serial monitoring of these patients is ideal and treatment should be adapted according to their response to the treatment. Based on the assumption, we aimed to describe a case report of a cat with CKD, positive for FIV associated with urinary tract infection. The patient showed anorexia, dehydration, and gingivitis with dental plaque. During palpation was noticed reactive lymph nodes and small fibrotic kidney. The diagnosis was confirmed by complete blood count, clinical chemistry, urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound. The chosen therapy was according to the guidelines of IRIS: fluid therapy, renal diet, chelation and use sodium bicarbonate. Urinary tract infection was treated with antibiotic administration and it provided a clinical improvement and increased quality of life.A doença renal crônica (DRC) é a enfermidade mais frequentemente diagnosticada em animais de companhia e a segunda causa de morte em gatos. Os principais sinais clínicos em gatos são: perda de peso, anorexia/inapetência, desidratação, depressão, polidipsia, poliúria, vômitos, fraqueza e constipação. Para um diagnóstico preciso e visando otimizar o manejo e o prognóstico de um doente renal sugere-se realizar uma boa anamnese, uso de exames complementares (hematológicos, bioquímicos, de imagem e urinálise). A abordagem terapêutica é realizada segundo os estádios da DRC, determinados pela International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) e deve ser adaptadas para o paciente de forma individual, através da monitorização seriada e resposta ao tratamento. Diante do pressuposto, o objetivo do trabalho foi descrever um relato de caso clínico de um felino com DRC portador da imunodeficiência viral (FIV) com uma infecção urinária associada. O paciente apresentava anorexia, desidratação, gengivite com placa bacteriana, linfonodos reativos e na palpação renal foi visualizado um rim pequeno e irregularidades na superfície renal. O diagnóstico foi encontrado por hemograma completo, bioquímico, ultrassonografia abdominal e urinálise. A terapia foi realizada de acordo com as diretrizes do IRIS, tais: fluidoterapia, ração renal, uso de quelantes e bicarbonato de sódio, além de antibiótico específico e sensível para a infecção urinária, tendo resultando em uma melhora da doença e na qualidade de vida do paciente