Locations of marine animals revealed by carbon isotopes

Knowing the distribution of marine animals is central to understanding climatic and other environmental influences on population ecology. This information has proven difficult to gain through capture-based methods biased by capture location. Here we show that marine location can be inferred from animal tissues. As the carbon isotope composition of animal tissues varies with sea surface temperature, marine location can be identified by matching time series of carbon isotopes measured in tissues to sea surface temperature records. Applying this technique to populations of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) produces isotopically-derived maps of oceanic feeding grounds, consistent with the current understanding of salmon migrations, that additionally reveal geographic segregation in feeding grounds between individual philopatric populations and age-classes. Carbon isotope ratios can be used to identify the location of open ocean feeding grounds for any pelagic animals for which tissue archives and matching records of sea surface temperature are available

Teleost and elasmobranch eye lenses as a target for life-history stable isotope analyses

Incrementally grown, metabolically inert tissues such as fish otoliths provide biochemical records that can used to infer behavior and physiology throughout the lifetime of the individual. Organic tissues are particularly useful as the stable isotope composition of the organic component can provide information about diet, trophic level and location. Unfortunately, inert, incrementally grown organic tissues are relatively uncommon. The vertebrate eye lens, however, is formed via sequential deposition of protein-filled fiber cells, which are subsequently metabolically inert. Lenses therefore have the potential to serve as biochemical data recorders capturing life-long variations in dietary and spatial ecology. Here we review the state of knowledge regarding the structure and formation of fish eye lenses in the context of using lens tissue for retrospective isotopic analysis. We discuss the relationship between eye lens diameter and body size, describe the successful recovery of expected isotopic gradients throughout ontogeny and between species, and quantify the isotopic offset between lens protein and white muscle tissue. We show that fish eye lens protein is an attractive host for recovery of stable isotope life histories, particularly for juvenile life stages, and especially in elasmobranchs lacking otoliths, but interpretation of lens-based records is complicated by species-specific uncertainties associated with lens growth rates

CD4陽性T細胞に発現するA20(tnfaip3) はTh2型アレルギー性気道炎症を抑制する

研究科: 千葉大学大学院医学薬学府（先端医学薬学専攻）学位記番号: 千大院医薬博甲第医1412号博士（医学）千葉大学 = Chiba Universit

The marine life of Atlantic salmon: evidence from the chemistry of scales

This research provides a new method to identify likely marine feeding grounds for migratory pelagic species that are problematic to directly study at sea. The method isbased on stable isotope compositions of tissues that may be sampled without harming the target animals, and can be conducted retrospectively from tissue archives. The wild Atlantic salmon has been in steep decline throughout its native range over the past four decades, largely due to increases in marine mortality. This research investigated potential causes of this decline using stable isotope analysis of archived scale samples, taken from returning adult salmon over the past few decades. Investigations of UK scale holdings identified the River Frome and Northeast Coast Driftnet Fishery archives as the most available and useful, giving good spatial contrast and temporal coverage.After developing sampling and analytical protocols, carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition was measured in grilse (one-sea winter) and multi-sea winter (MSW) salmon scale samples taken from both archives over 23 and 14 years. Analyses were performed on the last marine growth season, giving a retrospective record of marine conditions experienced by each fish. Both isotopes are influenced by baseline environmental conditions, and climatic effects are found to exert strong controls on numbers of fish returning to both the Northeast Coast and River Frome populations. Trophic level and/or baseline nitrate effects are also found to influence returning abundance to these populations, although more strongly in the Frome. Yearly d13C values were correlated with median yearly sea surface temperature values for each degree of latitude and longitude across the North Atlantic, and maps produced of the correlation strengths. These maps suggest likely feeding grounds for each cohort within each population, with the River Frome grilse and MSW salmon respectively feeding near the shelf breaks of northeast and southwest Iceland. The Northeast Coast grilse and MSW salmon were, in contrast, feeding near the shelf breaks of the southern Norwegian Sea and the Bear Island Trench in the northern Norwegian Sea, respectively

Presbyterian church government and the "Covenanted interest" in the three kingdoms 1649-1660

This thesis tackles Presbyterian Church government and the Covenanted interest during the Commonwealth and Protectorate, and for the first time examines the subject in a three kingdoms context.  It reasserts the importance of Presbyterians and their Solemn League and Covenant during the decade.  The first part of the thesis demonstrates that despite their difficult journey during the Commonwealth, Presbyterians in all three kingdoms retained loyalty to the Covenant.  It also highlights Presbyterian attempts to propagate their church government in difficult circumstances. Part two explores these themes further during the Protectorate and argues that Presbyterian Church government was in ascendancy.  The Presbyterian Church in Ulster flourished; there was a revival of Presbyterian Church government in England.  The Scottish kirk, despite English attempts to bring it into line with the Tiers and Ejectors’ system in England, stood and held fast for the traditional practices of the kirk, so much so, it forced a u-turn on certain aspects of English religious policy in Scotland. Lastly and overall, this thesis highlights the continual threat which Presbyterians and their Covenant continued to pose to the English state throughout the 1650s, their relationship with the Royalists in the three kingdoms during the decade, and the confusion of successive regimes over the loyalty of Presbyterians to the English state.  Therefore the thesis constructs a picture whereby Presbyterians and their Covenant were significant elements in religious and political developments in the 1650s.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Restoring the Nation? Hamilton and the Politics of the National Covenant

Although seen as a ‘Nobles’ Covenant’, the National Covenant was always overshadowed by issues surrounding the participation of the vulgar, or the common people, in the process. It was a situation in which social disorder was never far away, both for the Royalists and for the Covenanters. This issue and the wider concerns over law and order help us to understand more clearly the origins of the King’s Covenant and confirms that the King’s Covenant was not inspired by the Aberdeen Doctors but by the continuation of concerns over law and order. From the Covenanting perspective it is interesting to see how, at first, in order to legitimise their cause, they stepped away from the violence committed by their supporters and how, in the end, after being put in a legal corner by the Doctors, violence was justified on religious grounds. It is clear that the strength of the legal attack by the Doctors left the Covenanting leadership reeling and fearful of the King’s Covenant. Perhaps this allows us to see that the success of the Covenanting movement was due in part to Hamilton’s mistake over the Confession and the King’s Covenant was essentially a wasted opportunity to strike at the movement when it was on the defensive. Along with Sir Thomas Hope’s earlier statements, and the Covenanters success in dominating the General Assembly a few months later, the Covenanters were on an assured legal footing

Restoring the Nation? Hamilton and the Politics of the National Covenant

Although seen as a ‘Nobles’ Covenant’, the National Covenant was always overshadowed by issues surrounding the participation of the vulgar, or the common people, in the process. It was a situation in which social disorder was never far away, both for the Royalists and for the Covenanters. This issue and the wider concerns over law and order help us to understand more clearly the origins of the King’s Covenant and confirms that the King’s Covenant was not inspired by the Aberdeen Doctors but by the continuation of concerns over law and order. From the Covenanting perspective it is interesting to see how, at first, in order to legitimise their cause, they stepped away from the violence committed by their supporters and how, in the end, after being put in a legal corner by the Doctors, violence was justified on religious grounds. It is clear that the strength of the legal attack by the Doctors left the Covenanting leadership reeling and fearful of the King’s Covenant. Perhaps this allows us to see that the success of the Covenanting movement was due in part to Hamilton’s mistake over the Confession and the King’s Covenant was essentially a wasted opportunity to strike at the movement when it was on the defensive. Along with Sir Thomas Hope’s earlier statements, and the Covenanters success in dominating the General Assembly a few months later, the Covenanters were on an assured legal footing