15 research outputs found

    Propagation of a string across the cosmological singularity

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    Our results concern the transition of a quantum string through the singularity of the compactified Milne (CM) space. We restrict our analysis to the string winding around the compact dimension (CD) of spacetime. The CD undergoes contraction to a point followed by re-expansion. We demonstrate that both classical and quantum dynamics of considered string are well defined. Most of presently available calculations strongly suggest that the singularity of a time dependent orbifold is useless as a model of the cosmological singularity. We believe that our results bring, to some extent, this claim into question.Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures, revtex4; version accepted for publication in Class. Quantum Gra

    Simple model of big-crunch/big-bang transition

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    We present classical and quantum dynamics of a test particle in the compactified Milne space. Background spacetime includes one compact space dimension undergoing contraction to a point followed by expansion. Quantization consists in finding a self-adjoint representation of the algebra of particle observables. Our model offers some insight into the nature of the cosmic singularity.Comment: 17 pages, no figures, RevTeX4, accepted for publication in Class. Quantum Gra

    Dirac quantization of membrane in time dependent orbifold

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    We present quantum theory of a membrane propagating in the vicinity of a time dependent orbifold singularity. The dynamics of a membrane, with the parameters space topology of a torus, winding uniformly around compact dimension of the embedding spacetime is mathematically equivalent to the dynamics of a closed string in a flat FRW spacetime. The construction of the physical Hilbert space of a membrane makes use of the kernel space of self-adjoint constraint operators. It is a subspace of the representation space of the constraints algebra. There exist non-trivial quantum states of a membrane evolving across the singularity.Comment: 16 pages, no figures, version accepted for publication in Journal of High Energy Physic

    Detection of maturity and ligament injury using magic angle directional imaging

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    Purpose: To investigate whether magnetic field–related anisotropies of collagen may be correlated with postmortem findings in animal models. Methods: Optimized scan planning and new MRI data‐processing methods were proposed and analyzed using Monte Carlo simulations. Six caprine and 10 canine knees were scanned at various orientations to the main magnetic field. Image intensities in segmented voxels were used to compute the orientation vectors of the collagen fibers. Vector field and tractography plots were computed. The Alignment Index was defined as a measure of orientation distribution. The knees were subsequently assessed by a specialist orthopedic veterinarian, who gave a pathological diagnosis after having dissected and photographed the joints. Results: Using 50% less scans than reported previously can lead to robust calculation of fiber orientations in the presence of noise, with much higher accuracy. The 6 caprine knees were found to range from very immature ( 3 years). Mature specimens exhibited significantly more aligned collagen fibers in their patella tendons compared with the immature ones. In 2 of the 10 canine knees scanned, partial cranial caudal ligament tears were identified from MRI and subsequently confirmed with encouragingly high consistency of tractography, Alignment Index, and dissection results. Conclusion: This method can be used to detect injury such as partial ligament tears, and to visualize maturity‐related changes in the collagen structure of tendons. It can provide the basis for new, noninvasive diagnostic tools in combination with new scanner configurations that allow less‐restricted field orientations

    Uwalnianie biologicznie szkodliwych związków chemicznych z dostępnych na rynkach Europy i USA ortodontycznych systemów adhezyjnych — badania in vitro

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    The study assessed the chemical stability of ConTec LC, Resilence, Light Bond and Transbond XT orthodontic adhesive resins. The subject of the analysis was the release of HEMA (2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate), TEGDMA (triethylene glycol dimethacrylate), EGDMA (ethylene glycol dimethacrylate), UDMA (urethane dimethacrylate) and BPA (bisphenol A) monomers from test sample materials in successive time intervals, using HPLC (high pressure liquid chromatography). The study confirmed the presence of methacrylate monomers and bisphenol A in eluates of the assessed materials regardless of the observation period. The results show that orthodontic adhesive systems polymerized with visible light are chemically unstable, releasing biologically harmful ingredients to the external environment for a long time. Dental materials containing polymer network based on methacrylates require structure modification or elimination of harmful components in order to increase safety of their application.Oceniano stabilność chemiczną ortodontycznych żywic adhezyjnych ConTec LC, Resilence, Light Bond oraz Transbond XT. Metodą wysokociśnieniowej chromatografii cieczowej (HPLC) analizowano uwalnianie z próbek badanych materiałów monomerów: HEMA (metakrylan 2-hydroksyetylu), TEGDMA (dimetakrylan triglikolu etylenowego), EGDMA (dimetakrylan glikolu etylenowego), UDMA (dimetakrylan uretanu) i BPA (bisfenol A) w kolejnych przedziałach czasowych. Badania potwierdziły obecność monomerów metakrylanowych i bisfenolu A w eluatach ocenianych materiałów, niezależnie od czasu obserwacji. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, że polimeryzowane światłem widzialnym ortodontyczne systemy adhezyjne są niestabilne chemicznie i w ciągu długiego czasu emitują do środowiska zewnętrznego składniki biologicznie szkodliwe. Materiały stomatologiczne zawierające usieciowane metakrylany wymagają modyfikacji struktury lub eliminacji szkodliwych komponentów w celu zwiększenia bezpieczeństwa ich stosowania

    Coagulation method to purifying the sewage from maintenance washing of agricultural machines

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    Przedstawiono metodę koagulacyjnego oczyszczania ścieków z eksploatacyjnego mycia maszyn rolniczych, opracowaną w Gdańskiej Stacji Badawczej ŻOB Instytutu Technologiczno-Przyrodniczego. Metoda polega na koagulacyjno-adsorpcyjnym usuwaniu wszystkich zanieczyszczeń piaskowo-olejowych, przez ich adsorpcję i koagulację na specjalnie opracowanych koagulantach. Wszystkie zanieczyszczenia po skoagulowaniu wytrącają się w postaci osadu na dnie zbiornika reaktora, a sklarowana, czysta ciecz, o parametrach umożliwiających jej wprowadzenie do naturalnych zbiorników wodnych, jest odprowadzana znad zsedymentowanego osadu. Operację można powtarzać 7 razy, po czym należy usuwać zsedymentowany osad, zawierający głównie sole wapnia i magnezu.Paper presented the coagulation method to purifying the sewage from maintenance washing of agricultural machines. Method elaborated at Gdańsk Research Station, Institute of Technology and Life Sciences, consists in coagulation-adsorptive removal of all sand-oil pollutions by their adsorption and coagulation on specially prepared coagulants. After coagulation all the pollutions precipitate in form of sediment at the bottom of reactor, and cleared, clean liquid, of the parameters allowing its release into natural water reservoirs, is removed from above the sediment. This process may be repeated 7 times, then the sediment, containing mostly lime and magnesium salts, should be removed

    Modernized procedure of post-season maintenance of the mineral fertilizer spreaders

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    Przedstawiono przebieg i wyniki laboratoryjnych, symulacyjnych oraz eksploatacyjnych badań konserwacji posezonowej rozsiewaczy nawozów mineralnych. Na ich podstawie zaproponowano zmodyfikowany sposób konserwacji tych maszyn, polegający na tym, że jako ostatni jej zabieg, zastosowano operację natryskowego nałożenia wodno-woskowego preparatu ochrony czasowej (AGROKOR-S93), tworzącego po nałożeniu i wyschnięciu dodatkową pyłosuchą powłokę konserwacyjną, w miarę potrzeby łatwo zmywalną gorącą wodą. W wyniku dwuletnich doświadczalnych badań eksploatacyjnych uzyskano poprawę wszystkich wskaźników, charakteryzujących ogólny stan techniczny oraz stan zużycia korozyjnego badanych maszyn w porównaniu ze stanem wyjściowym, zmniejszając stopień skorodowania powłoki oraz współczynnik stanu korozyjnego o 36%.Paper presents the course and results of laboratory, simulation and operation tests concerning post-season maintenance of the mineral fertilizer spreaders. On such a basis the modified maintenance manner of these machines has been recommended. The last step in proposed method consists in introduced operation of using the coating with water-wax spray preparation AGROKOR-S93, to temporary protection. After drying, it enables to protect additionally all anticorosively protected surfaces of the machines, by dusty-dry coat, quite easy to washing out with the hot water. Lasting two years experimental, operational tests brought the results showing improvement of all indicators characterizing general technical state and corrosion wear of tested machines, as compared to baseline situation. Both, the degree of corrosion coating of fertilizer spreaders, as well as the corrosion rate, have been reduced by 36%
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