Inducible nitric oxide synthase in duodenum of children with Giardia lamblia infection.

The investigation were performed on children with Giardia lamblia infection, diagnosed on the basis of positive stool tests for Giardia antigen (Elisa) or by microscopical detection of trophozoites in duodenal fluid. In duodenal biopsies morphological studies and immunohistochemical reaction for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were performed. The control group was made up of duodenal tissue of children with excluded giardiasis and inflammation of the upper part of gastrointestinal tract. The duodenal biopsies from children without Giardia lamblia infection were found to have a high immunoreactivity for iNOS in enterocytes, the cells of intestinal crypts, endothelial cells of vessels and connective tissue cells of lamina propria. In children with giardiasis: in some biopsies the expression of iNOS was as high as in control group, in others was weaker detectable and the shortening of intestinal villi was seen. There were also duodenal biopsies with the lack of immunoreactivity for iNOS, with shorter villi and a large amount of mucus in the intestinal epithelium. Beside of goblet cells, also enterocytes were loaded with mucus. The pathological changes may cause malabsorption and also may have a negative influence on the defense of the intestinal wall against Giardia lamblia infection. The different morphological and immunohistochemical results in the duodenum of children with giardiasis can elucidate a variety of clinical symptoms from asymptomatic to severe infection

Inducible nitric oxide synthase in duodenum of children with Giardia lamblia infection.

The investigation were performed on children with Giardia lamblia infection, diagnosed on the basis of positive stool tests for Giardia antigen (Elisa) or by microscopical detection of trophozoites in duodenal fluid. In duodenal biopsies morphological studies and immunohistochemical reaction for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were performed. The control group was made up of duodenal tissue of children with excluded giardiasis and inflammation of the upper part of gastrointestinal tract. The duodenal biopsies from children without Giardia lamblia infection were found to have a high immunoreactivity for iNOS in enterocytes, the cells of intestinal crypts, endothelial cells of vessels and connective tissue cells of lamina propria. In children with giardiasis: in some biopsies the expression of iNOS was as high as in control group, in others was weaker detectable and the shortening of intestinal villi was seen. There were also duodenal biopsies with the lack of immunoreactivity for iNOS, with shorter villi and a large amount of mucus in the intestinal epithelium. Beside of goblet cells, also enterocytes were loaded with mucus. The pathological changes may cause malabsorption and also may have a negative influence on the defense of the intestinal wall against Giardia lamblia infection. The different morphological and immunohistochemical results in the duodenum of children with giardiasis can elucidate a variety of clinical symptoms from asymptomatic to severe infection

Are EPA and DHA Derivatives Involved in IBD Remission?

Recently, an increase in the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been observed among children and adolescents. Although the pathogenesis of IBD is not fully elucidated currently, actual research focuses on the occurrence of imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules and future identification of the role of cytokines in IBD therapy. The purpose of this study was to compare the concentrations of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid derivatives during both phases of Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The study included 64 adolescent patients with CD (n = 34) and UC (n = 30) aged 13.76 ± 2.69 and 14.15 ± 3.31, respectively. Biochemical analysis was performed on a liquid chromatography apparatus. A statistically significant lower concentration of resolvin E1 (RvE1) was observed in the CD group relative to UC. In the active phase of CD, a statistically significantly higher concentration of protectin DX (PDX) was observed relative to remission CD. Comparing the active phase of both diseases, a statistically significantly higher concentration of resolvin E1 (RvE1) was observed in UC relative to CD. Comparing the remission phase of both diseases showed statistically significantly higher PDX levels in CD relative to UC. Our study adds to the knowledge on the involvement of anti-inflammatory lipid mediators in both IBD entities. In conclusion, it seems that the marker differentiating both disease entities in the active phase may be RvE1, while in the remission phase, PDX. In CD remission, the greatest involvement was observed towards PDX, whereas in UC, MaR1, RvE1 and 18RS-HEPE seem to be the most involved in remission

Involvement of Proinflammatory Arachidonic Acid (ARA) Derivatives in Crohn’s Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC)

Recently, an increase in the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been observed, especially among children and adolescents. Currently, few studies focus on the differentiation of inflammation in IBD subunits, i.e., Crohn’s Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC). The aim of this study was to compare the concentrations of proinflammatory mediators of arachidonic acid (ARA) and linoleic acid (LA) in patients with CD (n = 34) and UC (n = 30), in order to identify differences in inflammation in both diseases and within the same entity, according to disease activity. Sixty-four adolescents with a mean age of 13.76 ± 2.69 and 14.15 ± 3.31, for CD and UC, respectively, were enrolled in the study. Biochemical analysis of ARA and LA derivatives was performed using a liquid chromatography. A trend was observed in the concentration of 15S-HETE (hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids) in CD relative to UC. The active phase of both diseases showed a higher 15S-HETE concentration in active CD relative to active UC. Comparing patients with CD with active and inactive disease showed a trend of increased levels of thromboxane B2, leukotriene B4 and 9S-HODE (hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid) in the active versus the inactive disease. We also observed statistically significantly higher levels of 12S-HETE in inactive CD relative to active CD. In the UC group, on the other hand, statistically significantly higher levels of prostaglandin E2 and 16RS-HETE were observed in active UC relative to inactive UC. Moreover, significantly higher concentrations of LTX A4 5S, 6R were observed in inactive UC relative to the active phase. In conclusion, the present study indicated the activity of the 15-LOX pathway in CD. Further studies involving lipid mediators in patients with IBD may contribute to the development of new therapies for the treatment of IBD. The identification of differences in the course of inflammation may help to target therapy in CD and UC, and perhaps allow the introduction of an additional diagnostic marker between the two main IBD subtypes