Female Employment and Gender Gaps in China

This open access book investigates female employment and the gender gap in the labor market and households during China’s economic transition period. It provides the reader with academic evidence for understanding the mechanism of female labor force participation, the determinants of the gender gap in the labor market, and the impact of policy transformation on women’s wages and employment in China from an economics perspective. The main content of this book includes three parts―women’s family responsibilities and women’s labor supply (child care, parent care, and women’s employment), the gender gap in the labor market and society (gender gaps in wages, Communist Party membership, and participation in social activity), and the impacts of policy transformation on women’s wages and employment (the social security system and the educational expansion policy on women’s wages and employment) in China. This book provides academic evidence about these issues based on economics theories and econometric analysis methods using many kinds of long-term Chinese national survey data. This book is highly recommended to readers who are interested in up-to-date and in-depth empirical studies of the gender gap and women’s employment in China during the economic transition period. This book is of interest to various groups such as readers who are interested in the Chinese economy, policymakers, and scholars with econometric analysis backgrounds

Female Employment and Gender Gaps in China

This open access book investigates female employment and the gender gap in the labor market and households during China’s economic transition period. It provides the reader with academic evidence for understanding the mechanism of female labor force participation, the determinants of the gender gap in the labor market, and the impact of policy transformation on women’s wages and employment in China from an economics perspective. The main content of this book includes three parts―women’s family responsibilities and women’s labor supply (child care, parent care, and women’s employment), the gender gap in the labor market and society (gender gaps in wages, Communist Party membership, and participation in social activity), and the impacts of policy transformation on women’s wages and employment (the social security system and the educational expansion policy on women’s wages and employment) in China. This book provides academic evidence about these issues based on economics theories and econometric analysis methods using many kinds of long-term Chinese national survey data. This book is highly recommended to readers who are interested in up-to-date and in-depth empirical studies of the gender gap and women’s employment in China during the economic transition period. This book is of interest to various groups such as readers who are interested in the Chinese economy, policymakers, and scholars with econometric analysis backgrounds

A characterization on orientations of graphs avoiding given lists on out-degrees

Let $G$ be a graph and $F:V(G)\to2^N$ be a set function. The graph $G$ is said to be \emph{F-avoiding} if there exists an orientation $O$ of $G$ such that $d^+_O(v)\notin F(v)$ for every $v\in V(G)$, where $d^+_O(v)$ denotes the out-degree of $v$ in the directed graph $G$ with respect to $O$. In this paper, we give a Tutte-type good characterization to decide the $F$-avoiding problem when for every $v\in V(G)$, $|F(v)|\leq \frac{1}{2}(d_G(v)+1)$ and $F(v)$ contains no two consecutive integers. Our proof also gives a simple polynomial algorithm to find a desired orientation. As a corollary, we prove the following result: if for every $v\in V(G)$, $|F(v)|\leq \frac{1}{2}(d_G(v)+1)$ and $F(v)$ contains no two consecutive integers, then $G$ is $F$-avoiding. This partly answers a problem proposed by Akbari et. al.(2020

Intersubband Transitions in Lead Halide Perovskite-Based Quantum Wells for Mid-Infrared Detectors

Due to their excellent optical and electrical properties as well as versatile growth and fabrication processes, lead halide perovskites have been widely considered as promising candidates for green energy and opto-electronic related applications. Here, we investigate their potential applications at infrared wavelengths by modeling the intersubband transitions in lead halide perovskite-based quantum well systems. Both single-well and double-well structures are studied and their energy levels as well as the corresponding wavefunctions and intersubband transition energies are calculated by solving the one-dimensional Schr\"odinger equations. By adjusting the quantum well and barrier thicknesses, we are able to tune the intersubband transition energies to cover a broad range of infrared wavelengths. We also find that the lead-halide perovskite-based quantum wells possess high absorption coefficients, which are beneficial for their potential applications in infrared photodetectors. The widely tunable transition energies and high absorption coefficients of the perovskite-based quantum well systems, combined with their unique material and electrical properties, may enable an alternative material system for the development of infrared photodetectors.Comment: 24 pages, 5 figure

Defining the chromatin signature of inducible genes in T cells

BACKGROUND Specific chromatin characteristics, especially the modification status of the core histone proteins, are associated with active and inactive genes. There is growing evidence that genes that respond to environmental or developmental signals may possess distinct chromatin marks. Using a T cell model and both genome-wide and gene-focused approaches, we examined the chromatin characteristics of genes that respond to T cell activation. RESULTS To facilitate comparison of genes with similar basal expression levels, we used expression-profiling data to bin genes according to their basal expression levels. We found that inducible genes in the lower basal expression bins, especially rapidly induced primary response genes, were more likely than their non-responsive counterparts to display the histone modifications of active genes, have RNA polymerase II (Pol II) at their promoters and show evidence of ongoing basal elongation. There was little or no evidence for the presence of active chromatin marks in the absence of promoter Pol II on these inducible genes. In addition, we identified a subgroup of genes with active promoter chromatin marks and promoter Pol II but no evidence of elongation. Following T cell activation, we find little evidence for a major shift in the active chromatin signature around inducible gene promoters but many genes recruit more Pol II and show increased evidence of elongation. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the majority of inducible genes are primed for activation by having an active chromatin signature and promoter Pol II with or without ongoing elongation

The Relationship of Ultra-Low Permeability Sandstone Aspect Ratio With Porosity, Permeability

The ultra-low permeability sandstone reservoir has large aspect ratio which significantly influences the multi-phase percolation characteristic. The ratio could be accurately measured by rate-controlled mercury porosimetry, but the testing technology is expensive, time-consuming and core-contaminating. There is not a simple effective method to describe the aspect ratio. The pores of the ultra-low permeability sandstone are mainly connected by the very long narrow throats, which could be advantageously simulated by the compound capillary bundles model. The analytical expressions of porosity and permeability about major pore structure parameters are established based on the model for the tight porous media. After solving the two expressions, the relationship between aspect ratio and parameter combination of porosity, permeability is obtained for the ultra-low permeable sandstone. Then the relation is fitted in this article using many previous published rate-controlled mercury data on compact sandstone and the relevance is strong, which proves that aspect ratio of tight rock is able to be calculated with its porosity and permeability.Key words: Ultra-low permeability sandstone; Aspect ratio; Pore; Throat; Porosity; Permeabilit

Research on the Strategy of Improving the Effectiveness of College Students’ Legal Education in the Information Age -Taking China as an example

With the continuous improvement of the level of information, we have entered the network era. In this paper, the legal education of college students this problem, combined with the characteristics of the Internet age and the status of the rule of law education of college students, analysis of the current network of college students the problems of the rule of law education, indicating the necessity and enthusiasm of the rule of law education of college students network, studied the reform of legal education of college students in the Internet age

Impact of minimum wage on gender wage gaps in urban China

This paper provides evidence on whether the minimum wage (MW) has affected gender wage gaps in urban China. Several major conclusions emerge. First, from 1995 to 2007, the proportion of workers whose wages were below the regional MW level was greater for female workers than for male workers. Second, the results obtained by using the difference-in-differences estimation method show that from a long-term perspective, the MW will help to reduce gender wage gaps and that the effect is more obvious for the low-wage group. However, in the short term, the amelioration effect is not obvious

Development of Creep Models for Glued Laminated Bamboo Using the Time-Temperature Superposition Principle

This paper describes the development of creep models for glued laminated bamboo (GLB)using the time-temperature superposition principle (TTSP). Creep (15 min) and recovery (45 min) data were obtained at constant temperature levels ranging from 25 to 65C. The moisture contents of specimens for testing were dry, 7% and 12%. The individual curve at each temperature was plotted against the log-time axis to obtain a master curve. A nonlinear regression analysis was used to estimate the model parameters. Then the individual temperature master curves were shifted again to a reference MC to construct an overall master curve using time-temperature-moisture principle. The relation of temperature and moisture shift factors loga (T, M) to temperature (T) and MC (M) was analyzed. The results show that the TTSP was successfully applied to GLB tested at different moisture contents