Nutritional and environmental regulation of the synthesis of highly unsaturated fatty acids and of fatty-acid oxidation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) enterocytes and hepatocytes

The aim was to determine if highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) synthesis and fatty acid oxidation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) intestine was under environmental and/or seasonal regulation. Triplicate groups of salmon were grown through a full two-year cycle on two diets containing either fish oil (FO), or a diet with 75% of the FO replaced by a vegetable oil (VO) blend containing rapeseed, palm and linseed oils. At key points in the life cycle, fatty acyl desaturation/elongation (HUFA synthesis) and oxidation activities were determined in enterocytes and hepatocytes using [1-14C]18:3n-3 as substrate. As observed previously, HUFA synthesis in hepatocytes showed peak activity at seawater transfer and declined thereafter, with activity consistently greater in fish fed the VO diet. In fish fed FO, HUFA synthesis in enterocytes in the freshwater stage was at a similar level to that in hepatocytes. However, HUFA synthesis in enterocytes increased rapidly after seawater transfer and remained high for some months after transfer before decreasing to levels that were again similar to those observed in hepatocytes. Generally, enterocyte HUFA synthesis was higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to the FO diet. Oxidation of [1-14C]18:3n-3 in hepatocytes from fish fed FO tended to decrease during the freshwater phase but then increased steeply, peaking just after transfer before decreasing during the remaining seawater phase. At the peak in oxidation activity around seawater transfer, activity was significantly lower in fish fed VO compared to fish fed FO. In enterocytes, oxidation of [1-14C]18:3 in fish fed FO showed a peak in activity just prior to seawater transfer. In fish fed VO, other than high activity at 9 months, the pattern was similar to that obtained in enterocytes from fish fed FO with a high activity around seawater transfer and declining activity in seawater. In conclusion, fatty acid metabolism in intestinal cells appeared to be under dual nutritional and environmental or seasonal regulation. The temporal patterns for fatty acid oxidation were generally similar in the two cell types, but HUFA synthesis in enterocytes peaked over the summer seawater phase rather than at transfer, as with hepatocytes, suggesting possibly different regulatory cues

Enhancing volunteer engagement to achieve desirable outcomes: what can non-profit employers do?

Abstract Engagement is a positive psychological state that is linked with a range of beneficial individual and organizational outcomes. However, the factors associated with volunteer engagement have rarely been examined. Data from 1064 volunteers of a wildlife charity in the United Kingdom revealed that both task- and emotion-oriented organizational support were positively related to volunteer engagement, and volunteer engagement was positively related to volunteer happiness and perceived social worth and negatively related to intent to leave the voluntary organization. Consistent with theory, engagement acted as a mediator between these factors. The implications for future research and the relevance of the findings for voluntary organizations are discussed

Many Labs 5: Testing Pre-Data-Collection Peer Review as an Intervention to Increase Replicability

none172siReplication studies in psychological science sometimes fail to reproduce prior findings. If these studies use methods that are unfaithful to the original study or ineffective in eliciting the phenomenon of interest, then a failure to replicate may be a failure of the protocol rather than a challenge to the original finding. Formal pre-data-collection peer review by experts may address shortcomings and increase replicability rates. We selected 10 replication studies from the Reproducibility Project: Psychology (RP:P; Open Science Collaboration, 2015) for which the original authors had expressed concerns about the replication designs before data collection; only one of these studies had yielded a statistically significant effect (p <.05). Commenters suggested that lack of adherence to expert review and low-powered tests were the reasons that most of these RP:P studies failed to replicate the original effects. We revised the replication protocols and received formal peer review prior to conducting new replication studies. We administered the RP:P and revised protocols in multiple laboratories (median number of laboratories per original study = 6.5, range = 3–9; median total sample = 1,279.5, range = 276–3,512) for high-powered tests of each original finding with both protocols. Overall, following the preregistered analysis plan, we found that the revised protocols produced effect sizes similar to those of the RP:P protocols (Δr =.002 or.014, depending on analytic approach). The median effect size for the revised protocols (r =.05) was similar to that of the RP:P protocols (r =.04) and the original RP:P replications (r =.11), and smaller than that of the original studies (r =.37). Analysis of the cumulative evidence across the original studies and the corresponding three replication attempts provided very precise estimates of the 10 tested effects and indicated that their effect sizes (median r =.07, range =.00–.15) were 78% smaller, on average, than the original effect sizes (median r =.37, range =.19–.50).mixedEbersole C.R.; Mathur M.B.; Baranski E.; Bart-Plange D.-J.; Buttrick N.R.; Chartier C.R.; Corker K.S.; Corley M.; Hartshorne J.K.; IJzerman H.; Lazarevic L.B.; Rabagliati H.; Ropovik I.; Aczel B.; Aeschbach L.F.; Andrighetto L.; Arnal J.D.; Arrow H.; Babincak P.; Bakos B.E.; Banik G.; Baskin E.; Belopavlovic R.; Bernstein M.H.; Bialek M.; Bloxsom N.G.; Bodroza B.; Bonfiglio D.B.V.; Boucher L.; Bruhlmann F.; Brumbaugh C.C.; Casini E.; Chen Y.; Chiorri C.; Chopik W.J.; Christ O.; Ciunci A.M.; Claypool H.M.; Coary S.; Colic M.V.; Collins W.M.; Curran P.G.; Day C.R.; Dering B.; Dreber A.; Edlund J.E.; Falcao F.; Fedor A.; Feinberg L.; Ferguson I.R.; Ford M.; Frank M.C.; Fryberger E.; Garinther A.; Gawryluk K.; Ashbaugh K.; Giacomantonio M.; Giessner S.R.; Grahe J.E.; Guadagno R.E.; Halasa E.; Hancock P.J.B.; Hilliard R.A.; Huffmeier J.; Hughes S.; Idzikowska K.; Inzlicht M.; Jern A.; Jimenez-Leal W.; Johannesson M.; Joy-Gaba J.A.; Kauff M.; Kellier D.J.; Kessinger G.; Kidwell M.C.; Kimbrough A.M.; King J.P.J.; Kolb V.S.; Kolodziej S.; Kovacs M.; Krasuska K.; Kraus S.; Krueger L.E.; Kuchno K.; Lage C.A.; Langford E.V.; Levitan C.A.; de Lima T.J.S.; Lin H.; Lins S.; Loy J.E.; Manfredi D.; Markiewicz L.; Menon M.; Mercier B.; Metzger M.; Meyet V.; Millen A.E.; Miller J.K.; Montealegre A.; Moore D.A.; Muda R.; Nave G.; Nichols A.L.; Novak S.A.; Nunnally C.; Orlic A.; Palinkas A.; Panno A.; Parks K.P.; Pedovic I.; Pekala E.; Penner M.R.; Pessers S.; Petrovic B.; Pfeiffer T.; Pienkosz D.; Preti E.; Puric D.; Ramos T.; Ravid J.; Razza T.S.; Rentzsch K.; Richetin J.; Rife S.C.; Rosa A.D.; Rudy K.H.; Salamon J.; Saunders B.; Sawicki P.; Schmidt K.; Schuepfer K.; Schultze T.; Schulz-Hardt S.; Schutz A.; Shabazian A.N.; Shubella R.L.; Siegel A.; Silva R.; Sioma B.; Skorb L.; de Souza L.E.C.; Steegen S.; Stein L.A.R.; Sternglanz R.W.; Stojilovic D.; Storage D.; Sullivan G.B.; Szaszi B.; Szecsi P.; Szoke O.; Szuts A.; Thomae M.; Tidwell N.D.; Tocco C.; Torka A.-K.; Tuerlinckx F.; Vanpaemel W.; Vaughn L.A.; Vianello M.; Viganola D.; Vlachou M.; Walker R.J.; Weissgerber S.C.; Wichman A.L.; Wiggins B.J.; Wolf D.; Wood M.J.; Zealley D.; Zezelj I.; Zrubka M.; Nosek B.A.Ebersole, C. R.; Mathur, M. B.; Baranski, E.; Bart-Plange, D. -J.; Buttrick, N. R.; Chartier, C. R.; Corker, K. S.; Corley, M.; Hartshorne, J. K.; Ijzerman, H.; Lazarevic, L. B.; Rabagliati, H.; Ropovik, I.; Aczel, B.; Aeschbach, L. F.; Andrighetto, L.; Arnal, J. D.; Arrow, H.; Babincak, P.; Bakos, B. E.; Banik, G.; Baskin, E.; Belopavlovic, R.; Bernstein, M. H.; Bialek, M.; Bloxsom, N. G.; Bodroza, B.; Bonfiglio, D. B. V.; Boucher, L.; Bruhlmann, F.; Brumbaugh, C. C.; Casini, E.; Chen, Y.; Chiorri, C.; Chopik, W. J.; Christ, O.; Ciunci, A. M.; Claypool, H. M.; Coary, S.; Colic, M. V.; Collins, W. M.; Curran, P. G.; Day, C. R.; Dering, B.; Dreber, A.; Edlund, J. E.; Falcao, F.; Fedor, A.; Feinberg, L.; Ferguson, I. R.; Ford, M.; Frank, M. C.; Fryberger, E.; Garinther, A.; Gawryluk, K.; Ashbaugh, K.; Giacomantonio, M.; Giessner, S. R.; Grahe, J. E.; Guadagno, R. E.; Halasa, E.; Hancock, P. J. B.; Hilliard, R. A.; Huffmeier, J.; Hughes, S.; Idzikowska, K.; Inzlicht, M.; Jern, A.; Jimenez-Leal, W.; Johannesson, M.; Joy-Gaba, J. A.; Kauff, M.; Kellier, D. J.; Kessinger, G.; Kidwell, M. C.; Kimbrough, A. M.; King, J. P. J.; Kolb, V. S.; Kolodziej, S.; Kovacs, M.; Krasuska, K.; Kraus, S.; Krueger, L. E.; Kuchno, K.; Lage, C. A.; Langford, E. V.; Levitan, C. A.; de Lima, T. J. S.; Lin, H.; Lins, S.; Loy, J. E.; Manfredi, D.; Markiewicz, L.; Menon, M.; Mercier, B.; Metzger, M.; Meyet, V.; Millen, A. E.; Miller, J. K.; Montealegre, A.; Moore, D. A.; Muda, R.; Nave, G.; Nichols, A. L.; Novak, S. A.; Nunnally, C.; Orlic, A.; Palinkas, A.; Panno, A.; Parks, K. P.; Pedovic, I.; Pekala, E.; Penner, M. R.; Pessers, S.; Petrovic, B.; Pfeiffer, T.; Pienkosz, D.; Preti, E.; Puric, D.; Ramos, T.; Ravid, J.; Razza, T. S.; Rentzsch, K.; Richetin, J.; Rife, S. C.; Rosa, A. D.; Rudy, K. H.; Salamon, J.; Saunders, B.; Sawicki, P.; Schmidt, K.; Schuepfer, K.; Schultze, T.; Schulz-Hardt, S.; Schutz, A.; Shabazian, A. N.; Shubella, R. L.; Siegel, A.; Silva, R.; Sioma, B.; Skorb, L.; de Souza, L. E. C.; Steegen, S.; Stein, L. A. R.; Sternglanz, R. W.; Stojilovic, D.; Storage, D.; Sullivan, G. B.; Szaszi, B.; Szecsi, P.; Szoke, O.; Szuts, A.; Thomae, M.; Tidwell, N. D.; Tocco, C.; Torka, A. -K.; Tuerlinckx, F.; Vanpaemel, W.; Vaughn, L. A.; Vianello, M.; Viganola, D.; Vlachou, M.; Walker, R. J.; Weissgerber, S. C.; Wichman, A. L.; Wiggins, B. J.; Wolf, D.; Wood, M. J.; Zealley, D.; Zezelj, I.; Zrubka, M.; Nosek, B. A