MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

Business is one of the oldest professions that mankind possesses, as time passed and with the advent of technology the earth seemed to squeeze, distances started to minimize, the age of globalization had begun. Businesses operating in different countries and continents could not confine them to a particular area and geography as it was not in line with globalization and it required things to be looked from a global perspective. Progressive businessmen always wanted to be ahead of their counterparts, this zeal of utilizing first mover advantage inspired mighty businessmen to opt for geographical expansions. Some of them did achieve this by going for mergers and acquisitions, which seems a smart move as one gets a running business. These mergers and acquisitions however can backfire as well and cannot prove to be a success story always. In the last decade, businesses from developing countries have started to buy out businesses of developed countries as their economies are doing better compared to the developed world due to low cost of production. Indian and Chinese businessmen are the most aggressive compared to rest in this regard

A novel text steganography technique to Arabic language using reverse fatah

This paper presents a new technique for information hiding in Arabic language. The technique uses text steganography to hi de the information. Considering the existence of Harakat(Fatha, Kasra and Damma) in the languages a new approach of reversing the Fatha has been developed for message hiding.The technique has been also evaluated to ensure its quality. This technique can be applied on other languages like Persian, Sindhi and other Regional language

Checklist of Medicinal Plants of Siran Valley, Mansehra, Pakistan

This study was carried in Siran Valley district Mansehra. (Pakistan). The method adopted for documentation of indigenous knowledge was based on questionnaire consisting of semi-structured interviews employing a checklist of questions and direct observations. The aim of the study was to collect indigenous knowledge of local inhabitants about the use of native plants, which were being utilized by the people for the treatment of different diseases. The ethnomedicinal uses of 80 plant species belonging to 49 families were recorded during field trips from the research area. The cultivated medicinal plants consists of 21 species. The checklist and ethnomedicinal inventory was developed alphabetically by botanical name, followed by local name, family, part used and ethnomedicinal uses. Plant specimens were collected, identified, preserved, mounted and voucher was deposited in the Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, for future references

Common Medicinal Folk Recipes of Siran Valley, Mansehra, Pakistan

The present studies were aimed to investigate ethnomedicinal folk recipes used to cure different diseases in the study area. Questionnaire method was adopted for documentation of folk indigenous knowledge. The interviews were carried out in local community, to investigate local people and knowledgeable persons (Hakims, Women and Herdsmen) who are the main user of medicinal plants. The ethnomedicinal data on 44 plant species belonging to 31 families were recorded during field trips from different villages of the area. The botanical name, followed by local name, family, part used and ethnomedicinal uses in different folk recipes was recorded. Plants were collected, pressed, dried, preserved, mounted and identified through the available literature (Nasir& Ali, 1971-2001) and were confirmed by the experts in Department of Biology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad. The specimens were deposited in the Herbarium, Department of Plant Sciences, and Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan (ISL)

Endoscopic Diagnosis in Patients with Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Objective: To determine the causes of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding using upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Patients and Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Peoples University of Medical and Health Sciences (PUMHS), Lakyari Endoscopic suit, Nawabshah from Jan 2015 to March 2016. Patients presenting with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding were inducted in the study. After stabilizing the patients, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed. Data was entered and analyzed by statistical software package SPSS version 10.0. Mean ± SD was calculated for quantitative variables and qualitative variables like gender and endoscopic findings were expressed as frequencies and percentages. Results: Out of 208 patients, 139 (67%) were males and 69 (33%) were females. Mean age of the patients was 52.77±14.5 SD years. Haematemesis was the main presenting complaint followed by melena. Bleeding related to portal hypertension was present in 112 (53.84%) patients, followed by peptic ulcer disease in 74 (35.57%) patients. Malignant lesions were present in 11(5.28%) patients while miscellaneous lesions were found in 11(5.28%) patients. Conclusion: Gastro esophageal variceal bleeding was the leading cause of upper GI bleeding followed by ulcerative disease

Traditional Medicinal and Economic Uses of Gymnosperms of Kaghan Valley, Pakistan

The ethnobotanical data of total 12 gymnosperms belonging to four families was collected from the local people of the Kaghan Valley. A complete list of the plants is given with their name, family and ethnobotanical use, distribution and occurrence. Indigenous knowledge of local inhabitants about the use of native plants were collected during field trips through questionnaire The inhabitants of the area have to use the medicinal plants for various purposes and have for a long time been dependent on surrounding plant resources for their food, shelter, fodder, health care and other cultural purposes. Pinus roxburgii, P. wallichiana, Cedrus deodara, Abies pindrow and Taxus wallichiana are prominent gymnosperms of Kaghan Valley which are not only source of timber but also utilized as fuel wood and for medicinal purposes

Ethnomedicinal uses of the Ferns of Shishikoh Valley, District Chitral, Pakistan

The indigenous communities of Shishikoh valley are often using various ferns taxa regularly. The current research work was intended for documenting the ethnomedicinal knowledge of ferns. A total of 18 taxa were recorded that belonged to 9 genera and 6 families being used in the treatment of different ailments. Pteridaceae was the leading family with 6 taxa (33.33%), followed by Aspleniaceae with 4 taxa (22.22%), Athyriaceae and Equisetaceae each with 3 taxa (16.67%) followed by Dryopteridaceae and Marsileaceae each with 1 taxon (5.56%). The reported ferns taxa were used as anthelminthic, anti-rheumatic, astringent and wound healing agents and in the treatment of different ailments such as asthma, bronchitis, diarrhea, dysentery, gonorrhea, hepatitis, infertility, influenza, kidney disorders, measles, oral ulcer, oral thrush, pneumonia, pyelonephritis, pharyngitis, scorpion bite, sinusitis, tonsillitis and tuberculosis. Ethnomedicinal knowledge is a valuable source for the innovation of different allopathic, homeopathic and herbal drugs that are used for the treatment of different ailments. The fern species may be used commercially for medicinal purposes through sustainable way. Their proper cultivation and awareness about medicinal values among local community leads to discover new drugs

Hazara University\u27s Monocot Specimen Data in OpenHerbarium.org on 20 December 2023

Northern Pakistan is interpreted here as including three administrative regions: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Gilgit-Baltistan, and Azad Jammu and Kashmir. It is dominated by multiple mountain ranges whose valleys drain, directly or indirectly, into the Indus River. Hazara University, which is in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, was started in 2002 and its herbarium (HUP) in 2005. Digitization of the herbarium\u27s vascular plants began in 2021 with its records being shared in OpenHerbarium and GBIF. Its online presence is now growing more rapidly than any other Pakistani herbarium. This paper summarizes the taxonomic diversity and geographic origin of its monocot holdings in 2023. In 2023, the Hazara University Herbarium held 744 monocot specimens from Northern Pakistan. They belonged to 9 orders, 23 families, 126 genera, amd 299 species. Most specimens belonged to the Poales, with many more belonging to the Poaceae than to the Cyperaceae, the family with the next best representation in the collection. Two orders, Acorales and Dioscoreales were represented by only one specimen each. Slightly more than half the species were represented by only one specimen; eleven species were represented by 9 or more specimens. Comparison with a checklist developed from multiple sources, including a GBIF download, revealed that HUP did not have any reprsentatives of five families that other sources report as occurring in Northern Pakistan: Juncaginaceae, Potamogetonaceae, Nartheciaceae, Pontederiaceae, and Musaceae.Most of the herbarium\u27s specimens were from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the university\u27s home province, the fewest from Gilgit-Baltistan. The best represented districts (level 3 regions) were Districts Swat, Chitral, and Lower Dir in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Neelum in Azad Jammu and Kashmir, all of which are known for their scenic beauty and floristic wealth. The best represented district of Gilgit-Baltistan was Hunza which is home to three passes through the Karakoram Mountains

An ethnomedicinal appraisal of the Kurram Agency, tribal area, Pakistan

631-647The present work was conducted at the Pakistan-Afghanistan border in the agency of Kurram (33° 49' 07'' N and 70° 10' 24'' E), an administrative part of the late federally administered tribal area (FATA) of Pakistan. Aim of the study was to document the medicinal flora based on local information, i.e., local classification, part used, drug preparation and dosage. Ethnomedicinal data was obtained through semi structured interviews after obtaining the respondents prior informed consent. During field visits 72 people were interviewed 150 plant species belonging to 131 genera in 86 families were documented. The documented plants were found to be effective for 64 disorders, from simple to complicated health issues. In a quantitative analysis, 31 plant species showed fidelity level ranges from 33-100% and relative frequency of citation from 0.03 to 0.28. Conservation issues related to plant use need to be investigated

The community structure and microbial linkage of rumen protozoa and methanogens in response to the addition of tea seed saponins in the diet of beef cattle

© 2020 The Author(s). Background: This study investigated changes in rumen protozoal and methanogenic communities, along with the correlations among microbial taxa and methane (CH4) production of six Belmont Red Composite beef steers fed tea seed saponins (TSS). Animals were fed in three consecutive feeding periods, a high-grain basal diet for 14 d (BD period) then a period of progressive addition of TSS to the basal diet up to 30 g/d for 20 d (TSS period), followed by the basal diet for 13 d without TSS (BDP post-control period). Results: The study found that TSS supplementation decreased the amount of the protozoal genus Entodinium and increased Polyplastron and Eudiplodinium genera. During BDP period, the protozoa community of steers did not return to the protozoal profiles observed in BD period, with higher proportions of Metadinium and Eudiplodinium and lower Isotricha. The addition of TSS was found to change the structure of methanogen community at the sub-genus level by decreasing the abundance of methanogens in the SGMT clade and increasing the abundance of methanogens in the RO clade. The correlation analysis indicated that the abundance of SGMT clade methanogens were positively correlated with Isotricha, and Isotricha genus and SGMT clade methanogens were positively correlated with CH4 production. While RO clade were positively correlated with the proportion of Metadinium genus, which was negatively correlated with CH4 emission. Conclusions: These results suggest that different genera of rumen protozoa ciliates appear to be selectively inhibited by TSS, and the change in methanogen community at the subgenus level may be due to the mutualistic relationships between methanogens and rumen ciliates