Wing Dimorphism in Aphids

Many species of insects display dispersing and nondispersing morphs. Among these, aphids are one of the best examples of taxa that have evolved specialized morphs for dispersal versus reproduction. The dispersing morphs typically possess a full set of wings as well as a sensory and reproductive physiology that is adapted to flight and reproducing in a new location. In contrast, the nondispersing morphs are wingless and show adaptations to maximize fecundity. In this review, we provide an overview of the major features of the aphid wing dimorphism. We first provide a description of the dimorphism and an overview of its phylogenetic distribution. We then review what is known about the mechanisms underlying the dimorphism and end by discussing its evolutionary aspects

Multi-scale Methods for Geophysical Flows

Geophysical flows comprise a broad range of spatial and temporal scales, from planetary- to meso-scale and microscopic turbulence regimes. The relation of scales and flow phenomena is essential in order to validate and improve current numerical weather and climate prediction models. While regime separation is often possible on a formal level via multi-scale analysis, the systematic exploration, structure preservation, and mathematical details remain challenging. This chapter provides an entry to the literature and reviews fundamental notions as background for the later chapters in this collection and as a departure point for original research in the field