Erratum: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Interpretation: By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning

EDUCACIÓN AMBIENTAL Y SOCIEDAD. SABERES LOCALES PARA EL DESARROLLO Y LA SUSTENTABILIDAD

Este texto contribuye al análisis científico de varias áreas del conocimiento como la filosofía social, la patología, la educación para el cuidado del medio ambiente y la sustentabilidad que inciden en diversas unidades de aprendizaje de la Licenciatura en Educación para la Salud y de la Maestría en Sociología de la SaludLas comunidades indígenas de la sierra norte de Oaxaca México, habitan un territorio extenso de biodiversidad. Sin que sea una área protegida y sustentable, la propia naturaleza de la región ofrece a sus visitantes la riqueza de la vegetación caracterizada por sus especies endémicas que componen un paisaje de suma belleza

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Propiedades específicas de las descargas encendidas en la rama izquierda de la curva de Paschen

Se estudian características de una descarga pulsada en la rama izquierda en la curva de Parchen que se enciende en la cámara del dispositivo JUPITER. Los experimentos se ejecutan con el rango de presiones 0,67-0,93 Pa y el voltaje 10-30 kV. Se encuentra que la distribución de la densidad del plasma y de la temperatura de los electrones es simétrica respecto al eje del cátodo que es de forma cilíndrica. Se determinan valores de la densidad del plasma y la temperatura de los electrones

Forragem consumida pelas ovelhas Chocholteco criollo na estação chuvosa em uma pastagem da Mixteca de Oaxaca

The objective of this study was to identify the plants that Chocholteco Criollo sheep prefer to consume during grazing. The work was carried out at the San José La Estancia agency, belonging to the municipality and district of Coixtlahuaca, Oaxaca. The study was of an observational type, three commercial mini-cameras and a portable battery were used, adapted to a sheep by means of a harness and a semi-professional Cannon® camera, one of the cameras was focused on the mouth of the same animal and the others on other animals. while eating the fodder of their choice. From the videos and photos taken, the 5 most recurring species were chosen, the common names were consulted with the inhabitants of the region and then the Linné binomial nomenclature was generated with the support of specialist biologists and CONABIO pages (Malezas de México). Four herbaceous species were identified: guayabito (Lopezia racemosa), quiebraplato (Ipomoea orizabensis), mallow (Malva parviflora), hay (Tillandsia usneoides), and 1 epiphyte: clover or wheelbarrow (Medicago polymorpha). The identified plants underwent an analysis of PC, % partial dry matter and % moisture. The mallow being the one with the highest CP content with 28.68% and the hay with the highest DM content with 29.5%, and the guayabito with the highest amount of moisture with 86.84%. The rangelands in the Oaxacan Mixteca are of the utmost importance for the Criollo sheep, since it is the only source of food, mainly herbaceous plants, present mainly in the rainy season.El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las plantas que prefiere consumir el borrego Criollo Chocholteco durante el pastoreo. El trabajo se llevó a cabo en la agencia de San José La estancia, perteneciente al municipio y distrito de Coixtlahuaca, Oaxaca. El estudio fue de tipo observacional, se utilizaron tres minicámaras comerciales y una pila portátil adaptadas a una borrega por medio de un arnés y una cámara Cannon® semiprofesional, una de las cámaras se enfocó hacia la boca del mismo animal y las otras hacia otros animales mientras comían el forraje de su elección. De los videos y fotos tomadas se eligieron las 5 especies más recurrentes, se consultaron los nombres comunes con los pobladores de la región y después se generó la nomenclatura binomial de Linné con apoyo de biólogos especialistas y páginas de la CONABIO (Malezas de México). Se identificaron 4 especies del tipo herbácea: guayabito (Lopezia racemosa), quiebraplato (Ipomoea orizabensis), malva (Malva parviflora), heno (Tillandsia usneoides), y 1 epífita: el trébol o carretillita (Medicago polymorpha). A las plantas identificadas se les realizó un análisis de PC, % materia seca parcial y % de humedad. Siendo la malva la de mayor contenido de PC con un 28.68% y el heno con la de mayor contenido de MS con el 29.5%, y al guayabito con la de mayor cantidad de humedad con el 86.84%. Los agostaderos en la Mixteca Oaxaqueña son de suma importancia para el borrego Criollo, ya que es la única fuente de alimentación mayoritariamente por plantas de tipo herbáceas, presentes principalmente en época de lluvias.O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as plantas que os ovinos Chocholteco Criollo preferem consumir durante o pastejo. O trabalho foi realizado na agência San José La Estancia, pertencente ao município e distrito de Coixtlahuaca, Oaxaca. O estudo foi do tipo observacional, foram utilizadas três minicâmeras comerciais e uma bateria portátil, adaptadas a uma ovelha por meio de um arnês e uma câmera semiprofissional Cannon®, uma das câmeras foi focada na boca da mesma animal e os outros em outros animais, enquanto comem a forragem de sua escolha. A partir dos vídeos e fotos tiradas, foram escolhidas as 5 espécies mais recorrentes, os nomes comuns foram consultados com os habitantes da região e então a nomenclatura binominal Linné foi gerada com o apoio de biólogos especialistas e páginas da CONABIO (Malezas de México). Quatro espécies herbáceas foram identificadas: guayabito (Lopezia racemosa), quiebraplato (Ipomoea orizabensis), malva (Malva parviflora), feno (Tillandsia usneoides) e 1 epífita: trevo ou carrinho de mão (Medicago polymorpha). As plantas identificadas passaram por análise de PC, % de matéria seca parcial e % de umidade. Sendo a malva a que apresenta maior teor de PB com 28,68% e o feno com maior teor de MS com 29,5%, e o guayabito com maior teor de umidade com 86,84%. As pastagens da Mixteca de Oaxaca são de extrema importância para as ovelhas Crioulas, pois são a única fonte de alimento, principalmente plantas herbáceas, presentes principalmente na estação chuvosa

DETECCIÓN PARASITOLÓGICA Y MOLECULAR DE INFECCIONES NATURALES POR TRYPANOSOMA EVANSI Y TRYPANOSOMA VIVAX EN BÚFALOS DE AGUA (BUBALUS BUBALIS) Y CHIGÜIRES (HYDROCHOERUS HYDROCHAERIS) EN LOS ESTADOS APURE, COJEDES Y GUÁRICO, VENEZUELA

Este estudio evaluó la presencia de Trypanosoma evansi y Trypanosoma vivax en búfalos de agua (Bubalus bubalis) y chigüires (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) de tres estados de Venezuela por técnicas parasitológicas y moleculares (frotis teñido: FT; microcentrifugación capilar: TMC; reacción en cadena de la Polimerasa: PCR), estableciéndose el porcentaje de infecciones activas. En 316 muestras sanguíneas de búfalos las tasas de detección para FT, TMC y PCR fueron de 20 (6,33%), 36 (11,39%) y 60 (18,98%), respectivamente. Por PCR se caracterizó a T. vivax como la especie responsable de todas las infecciones, no detectándose presencia de T. evansi. En 186 muestras de chigüires FT y TMC identificaron positividad en 36 (19,35%) y 71 (38,17%) de estas, respectivamente, con altas parasitemias; en 27 de estas se observaron tripanosomas del Subgénero Megatrypanum. Por PCR se caracterizaron como T. evansi 51 muestras de chigüires, seis con resultados TMC-negativo. No se detectó T. vivax en chigüires. Un análisis de t -student estableció diferencias (p<0.05) entre los valores de hematocrito (Ht) de búfalos positivos y negativos a tripanosomas; mientras que por análisis de varianza se detectó efecto (p< 0.05) del grado de parasitemia sobre el Ht. No hubo ningún efecto (p>0.05) al realizar los mismos análisis para las muestras de chigüires.Parasitological and Molecular Detection of Natural Infection by Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma vivax in Water Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) and Capybaras (Hydrochoerus Hydrochaeris) in Apure, Cojedes and Guarico States, VenezuelaABSTRACTThis study sought to establish the percentage of active infections of Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma vivax in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) and capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) in three Venezuelan states using parasitological and molecular assays (stained blood smear: SBS; microhematocrit centrifugation technique: MHCT; polymerase chain reaction: PCR). From 316 buffaloes blood samples, SBS, MHCT and PCR detected as positive 20 (6.33%), 36 (11.39%) and 60 (18.98%) samples, respectively. Based on PCR results, T. vivax was characterized as the only species responsible for all infections, since T. evansi was not detected. Out of 186 capybara blood samples, 36 (19.35%) and 71 (38.17%) were identified as positive by SBS and MHCT, respectively, with high parasitemia; trypanosomes of subgenus Megatrypanum were observed in 27 of these samples. By PCR, 51 capybara blood samples tested positive for T. evansi, six of them being MHCT negative. T. vivax was not found in capybaras. A tstudent analysis showed differences (p<0.05) between hematocrit values (Ht) from trypanosome positive and trypanosome negative buffaloes. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed effect of parasitemia level on the value of HT at p<0.05. These statistical analyses did not find any effect on capybara samples