Dopaminergic Activation of Estrogen Receptors Induces Fos Expression within Restricted Regions of the Neonatal Female Rat Brain

Steroid receptor activation in the developing brain influences a variety of cellular processes that endure into adulthood, altering both behavior and physiology. Recent data suggests that dopamine can regulate expression of progestin receptors within restricted regions of the developing rat brain by activating estrogen receptors in a ligand-independent manner. It is unclear whether changes in neuronal activity induced by dopaminergic activation of estrogen receptors are also region specific. To investigate this question, we examined where the dopamine D1-like receptor agonist, SKF 38393, altered Fos expression via estrogen receptor activation. We report that dopamine D1-like receptor agonist treatment increased Fos protein expression within many regions of the developing female rat brain. More importantly, prior treatment with an estrogen receptor antagonist partially reduced D1-like receptor agonist-induced Fos expression only within the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the central amygdala. These data suggest that dopaminergic activation of estrogen receptors alters neuronal activity within restricted regions of the developing rat brain. This implies that ligand-independent activation of estrogen receptors by dopamine might organize a unique set of behaviors during brain development in contrast to the more wide spread ligand activation of estrogen receptors by estrogen

Estrogen Deficiency in Men

Congenital estrogen deficiency in men is a rare disorder that remains overlooked and undermanaged till adulthood. Similarly, other genetic diseases causing congenital hypogonadism are rare and indirectly lead to estrogen deficiency during infancy and puberty if not recognized and treated. Apart from congenital, genetic forms, estrogen deficiency may occur as a consequence of hypogonadism and reduced androgen production. Several lines of evidence support the idea that estrogen deficiency may be detrimental for several male physiological functions, especially in aging. Among them, bone loss, osteoporosis, increase of fat depots, and sexual function may depend to a various degree from estrogen deficiency. At present, however, nosological data on estrogen deficiency in men are lacking. This chapter describes the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations related to estrogen deficiency and provides clinical advice on how to diagnose and treat both congenital and acquired forms of estrogen deficiency