Invasive species in the Northeastern and Southwestern Atlantic Ocean: A review

The spread of non-native species has been a subject of increasing concern since the 1980s when human-mediated transportation, mainly related to ships' ballast water, was recognized as a major vector for species transportation and spread, although records of non-native species go back as far as 16th Century. Ever increasing world trade and the resulting rise in shipping have highlighted the issue, demanding a response from the international community to the threat of non-native marine species. In the present study, we searched for available literature and databases on shipping and invasive species in the North-eastern (NE) and South-western (SW) Atlantic Ocean and assess the risk represented by the shipping trade between these two regions. There are reports of 44 species associated with high impacts for the NE Atlantic and 15 for the SW Atlantic, although this may be an underestimate. Vectors most cited are ballast water and biofouling for both regions while aquaculture has also been a very significant pathway of introduction and spread of invasive species in the NE Atlantic. Although the two regions have significant shipping traffic, no exchange of invasive species could be directly associated to the shipping between the two regions. However, it seems prudent to bring the exchange of ballast water between the two regions under control as soon as possible

Ten years of Brazilian ballast water management

In 2005, Brazil addressed the environmental challenges posed by ballast water through a unilateral regulation, called the Maritime Standard N° 20 (NORMAM-20), applied to all shipping in her waters. This world-leading decision was the culmination of a process that started during the 1990′s. Here, we summarize how these ballast water regulations were brought in and adopted and present the findings of 10 years of enforcement (2005–2015) in 39 ports along the Brazilian coast. We show that compliance with the Brazilian standard has increased significantly since the regulations were implemented (p < 0.001). After five years of implementation, non-compliance decreased probably reflecting an increase in awareness of the Brazilian Standard and a shift in the shipping industry commitment to minimize and control the spread of invasive species through ballast water. The Brazilian experience shows that very high levels (97%) of compliance with ballast water management regulations can be made to work in a region of global importance to the maritime industry. In the last decade, the rules governing ballast water in Brazil have evolved to address the demands from the maritime community and to provide updates such as imminent requirements for the use of ballast water management systems on board ships. These regulations are rarely cited when ballast water regulations are discussed internationally, yet there is much to learn from the proactive approach taken by Brazil such as what is feasible and enforceable

Different approaches and limitations for testing phytoplankton viability in natural assemblies and treated ballast water

Shipping is recognised as an unintentional efficient pathway for spreading non-native species, harmful organisms and pathogens. In 2004, a unique IMO Convention was adopted to control and minimize this transfer in ship's ballast water. This Convention entered into force on 8th September 2017. However, unlikely the majority of IMO Conventions, the Ballast Water Management Convention requires ships to comply with biological standards (e.g. concentration of organisms per unit of volume in ballast water discharges). This study aimed to apply different techniques developed to measure concentrations of viable phytoplankton in natural and treated ballast water samples and compare them with the established flow cytometry method and vital staining microscopy. Samples were collected in the English Channel over one year and on-board during ballast water shipboard efficacy tests. Natural abundance of live phytoplankton varied from 23% to 89% of the total, while for cells larger than 10 μm (a size defined by the BWM Convention) the percentage varied from 3% to 60%. An overall good correlation was seen between the measurements taken with the two fluorometers and in comparison with the flow cytometry analysis, as found in previous studies. Analysis of treated ballast water samples showed a large variation in the number of viable cells, however indicating a low level of risk on all occasions for regulatory purposes. One of the key aspects to bear in mind when sampling and analysing for compliance is to be aware of the limitations of each technique

A César o que é de Cesar

Ensino Médio::MatemáticaNa ficção, Pedro, um adolescente expert em tecnologias, conversa com o Imperador Romano Júlio César através de um programa de computador. Os dois conversam sobre criptografia e como as mensagens codificadas foram importantes desde a Roma Antiga até os dias de hoje, dando exemplos de códigos seus usos no decorrer da históri

A César o que é de Cesar

Ensino Médio::MatemáticaNa ficção, Pedro, um adolescente expert em tecnologias, conversa com o Imperador Romano Júlio César através de um programa de computador. Os dois conversam sobre criptografia e como as mensagens codificadas foram importantes desde a Roma Antiga até os dias de hoje, dando exemplos de códigos seus usos no decorrer da históri

Б1.Б2 Иностранный язык (Теория и история культуры, 2017)

Ensino Médio::QuímicaFerramenta para auxiliar o professor a introduzir o tema funções inorgânica

Б1.В.ДВ.4.1 Гидравлика

Ensino Médio::QuímicaFerramenta para auxiliar o professor a introduzir o tema lixo urbano: descarte e reciclagem de materiais