Identity and difference - re-thinking UK South Asian entrepreneurship

Purpose: This paper, which is part of a larger study, discusses from an ethno-cultural perspective, the notion of self-identification and difference pertaining to first and second-generation South Asian male entrepreneurs. In essence, previous studies have not explored this dimension to any sufficient depth. Therefore, evidence is unclear as to how ethno-culture has informed entrepreneurial identity and difference. Design/methodology/approach: Adopting a phenomenological research paradigm, 42 semi-structured interviews were conducted with first and second-generation Sikh and Pakistani Muslim male entrepreneurs in Greater London. A typology of second-generation entrepreneurs is developed and a research agenda proposed. Findings: First-generation respondents regard the UK as home, and do not suffer from shifts in identity. These particular respondents identify themselves as Sikh, or Pakistani Muslim, or a Businessman. However, the second-generation identify themselves via three distinct labels. Here respondents stress their ethnicity by using Hyphenated British identities, or hide their ethnicity behind the term a Normal Businessman, or appear opportunists by using ethnicity as a resource to espouse a True Entrepreneurial identity. Research limitations/implications: The research environment within the Greater London area where the respondents are located may not be as generalisible when compared with other parts of the UK. Originality/value: This paper offers a unique insight into self-prescribed identity and difference noted among London’s ethnic entrepreneurs

Effects of Various Split Developmental Photophases and Constant Light During 24 Hour Period on Adult Morphology in \u3ci\u3eEuschistus Tristigmus Tristigmus\u3c/i\u3e (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Rearing immatures of Euschistus tristigmus tristigmus in a range of split photophases during each 24 h period and in constant light showed that the adult dimorphic response in shoulder shape and number of midventral spots could be produced; individuals reared in photoperiods in which each scotopnase was at least 2 h in length developed into the tristigmus (short-day) form

Effects of Continuous and Split Developmental Photophases During Each 24 Hour Period on Adult Color and Pubescence in \u3ci\u3eThyanta Calceata\u3c/i\u3e (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Rearing immatures of Thyanta calceata in SL: 16D, SL:4D:8L:4D, and 16L:8D photo- periods showed that the length of each photophase, rather than an accumulation of shorter photophases, during each 24 h period wa, the determining factor in producing adult di- morphism in color and pubescence

Descriptions of Nymphal Instars of \u3ci\u3eThyanta Calceata\u3c/i\u3e (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

The external anatomy of each of the five nymphal instars of Thyanta calceata is de- scribed

Think non-ethnic but act ethnic: An issue of breakout

Literature pertaining to ethnic entrepreneurship assumes that religious-cultural and generational factors espouse the intention and ability of the entrepreneur towards business development. And by way of business growth and development, such entrepreneurs should breakout from their local ethnic customer base to service a wider non-ethnic customer base. In reality, many ethnic entrepreneurs lack the resources, the motivation, the ability and/or intention to do this. Consequently, the development and success of the business become hampered. To this end, working within a context of ethnic entrepreneurship, the aim of this paper is to examine the notion that entrepreneurial intention, ability and opportunity inform business growth, development and how the entrepreneur defines the success thereof. Addressing this, 48 semi-structured interviews and 11 comparative case studies were conducted with first- and second generation South Asian Sikh, Hindu and Pakistani Muslim entrepreneurs within Greater London. A phenomenological paradigm was adopted, with key-words-in-context used to analyze data. Findings note there is no evidence of genuine breakout. Instead, what defines business development and growth is three approaches: (i) content to remain, (ii) forced to remain, and (iii) struggling to adjust. Hindered are attempts to increase the customer and market base beyond that of local clients. Additionally, differences and success between the two generations are reflective of sectorial location, intention, ability and skill-sets, rather than generational or cultural influences. Essentially, the paper presents an alternative view of how entrepreneurial intention, ability and opportunity facilitate or inhibit small business growth and success. However, given the sample-frame and, socio-economic environment within Greater London, findings may not be generalizable. In conclusion, debate pertaining to ethnic entrepreneurship needs to be re-examined; because placing emphasis on culture, religion, ethnicity and generation may be misleading researchers as to the true nature of business requirements, problems and support for ethnic entrepreneurs

An outsider's inside view of ethnic entrepreneurship

Purpose: This paper aims to critically reflect upon the qualitative research strategy adopted by an outsider investigating business practices between first and second-generation South Asian entrepreneurs. The paper presents, explains and justifies the methodological design and outsider strategy used to help overcome a number of operational research issues. In addition, for those considering the use of qualitative methodology for similar research, practical advice is offered to researchers whom do not share the same ethnicity as the informants under investigation. Design/methodology/approach: To implement an outsider strategy, the methodological design draws its theoretical underpinning via a phenomenological paradigm. Issues appertaining to sample design, negotiating access, adopted research instruments are examined, and their uses to overcome potential operational issues justified. Findings: The complexities, difficulties and successes of an outsider looking in are highlighted. Evident is the impact of personal and structural power relations between researcher and interviewee, as well as potential research problems as a result thereof. The paper stresses the need to ensure the preservation of researcher integrity, credibility and confidentiality, as he/she will encounter situations wherein he/she will be tested to the fullest. Research limitations/implications: The research environment within the Greater London area where the respondents are located may not be as generalisable when compared with other parts of the UK and ethnic entrepreneurs therein. Originality/value: The paper presents an evaluation of a qualitative research strategy used by an outsider to gain an inside view of ethnic entrepreneurship. Paper type Research pape

Survey of the Reduviidae (Heteroptera) of Southern Illinois, Excluding the Phymatinae, With Notes on Biology

A survey of the nonphymatine reduviids of southern Illinois was con­ducted from April 1996 to November 1998. In addition to county distributions, information was collected on times of occurrence of adults and nymphs and associated habitats. These data were supplemented with label information associated with southern Illinois specimens housed in the Southern Illinois University Entomology Collection (SIUEC). Twenty-five species were collected during this survey. An additional six species housed in the SIUEC were collected previously in southern Illinois but not during the survey. Of the 31 species, nine are state records: Ploiaria hirticornis, Rocconota annulicornis, Sinea complexa, Microtornus purcis, Rasahus hamatus, Saica elkinsi, Oncocephalus geniculatus, Pnirontis languida, and Pnirontis modesta

Diversity and Community Structure of Stream Insects in a Minimally Disturbed Forested Watershed in Southern Illinois

The Lusk Creek Watershed, located in Pope County, IL, long has been rec- ognized as a high quality area of biological significance, but surveys of the stream macroinvertebrate fauna have been limited. Thus, a survey of the benthic insect community at 11 sites in the upper portion of Lusk Creek was conducted from May 2003 to April 2005. A total of 20,888 specimens, mostly immatures, were examined during the study and represented eight orders. The Diptera, by far, was the most abundant order, with 18,590 specimens, almost all of which were members of the Chironomidae or Simuliidae. Members of the EPT (Ephemer- optera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera) contributed 1,550 specimens. The Coleoptera was represented by 647 specimens, most of which were members of Stenelmis (Elmidae) (n = 612). The Shannon diversity index (H ́) ranged from 1.07-2.01 for individual sites and was indicative of relatively undisturbed streams in this region. Jackknife analyses of richness estimated that as many as 37 taxa were unobserved in this survey. Results provide information on reference conditions in the region and a foundation for future monitoring

Effects of Various Split Developmental Photophases and Constant Light During Each 24 Hour Period on Adult Morphology in \u3ci\u3eThyanta Calceata\u3c/i\u3e (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Rearing immatures of Thyanta calceata in a range of split photophases during each 24 h period and in constant light showed that the adult dimorphic response in color and pu- bescence could be produced; individuals reared in photoperiods in which each scotophase was at least 2 h in length generally developed into the fall/spring morph