Morfological sterility of nativ cultivars olive from island Ugljan

Područje otoka Ugljana poznato je po višetisućljetnom uzgoju i preradi maslina. Još od antičkih vremena glasovita je kvaliteta maslinovih ulja s ovoga otoka. I danas na otoku ima oko 300.000 stabala maslina. Na Ugljanu nalazimo autohtone sorte koje nisu determinirane i detaljno morfološki opisane, stoga je cilj i svrha ovoga rada istražiti svojstvo morfološkog steriliteta kod pet autohtonih otočkih sorti: karbunčela, puljka, puljižica, oštrica i drobnica. Unatoč toj višetisućljetnoj tradiciji uzgoja masline, svojstvo morfološkog steriliteta kao fenomen počeo se istraživati tek u XX. stoljeću. Naime, istraživanja su pokazala kako udio uvenulih i odbačenih cvjetova u fazi cvatnje izravno utječe na broj plodova koji će dosegnuti zrelost za berbu. Istraživanja koja su obavljenu u ovom radu odrađena su u dva navrata i to s razlogom što neke od sorata cvjetaju ranije, a neke nešto kasnije. Dana 18. i 19. svibnja 2016.godine uzeti su uzorci za analizu sorata: karbunčela, puljka i drobnica dok su uzorci sorata oštrica i puljižica uzeti za analizu 29. svibnja 2016. godine. Uzorci su uzeti sa četiri stabla od svake sorte na različitim lokalitetima na otoku odnosno po 25 cvatova od svakoga stabla, i to na južnom obodnom dijelu, što znači stotinu uzoraka za svaku sortu kako bismo imali što relevantnije podatke. Zatim je izmjerena duljina cvata i određen udio funkcionalno muških cvjetova pomoću čega je utvrđen morfološki sterilitet za svaku sortu. Rezultati su pokazali kako postoje značajnije razlike u udjelu funkcionalno muških cvjetova između sorata. Sorta karbunčela imala je nešto manje od 20% muških cvjetova, sorte puljka, puljižica imale su oko trećinu funkcionalno muških cvjetova. Kod sorte oštrice nešto manje od polovice bili su funkcionalno muški, dok je sorta drobnica, koja se koristi kao oprašivač, imala 75 % funkcionalno muških cvjetova.The island of Ugljan area is famous for its millenia-old olive growing and processing. Since ancient times the quality of olive oils from the island has been well-known. Even today there are about 300 000 olive trees on the island. There are autochthonous varieties on the island, which are not determined and morphologically described in detail, so the aim of this paper is to research the characteristic of morphological sterility in five indigenous island varieties: karbunčela, puljka, puljižica, oštrica and drobnica. In spite of millenia-old tradition of olive growing, the characteristic of morphological sterility as a phenomenon started to be researched only in 20th century. Namely, research has shown that the percentage of wilted and fallen flowers during the blooming period has a direct impact on the number of fruits that will reach harvest time. Research done and described in this paper was carried out at two intervals owing to the fact that some varieties bloom earlier and some later. On 18th and 19th May samples were taken for analysis of varieties karbunčela, puljka and drobnica and on 29th May samples were taken for varieties oštrica and puljižica. The samples were taken from four trees of each variety on different sites of the island, namely 25 flowers from each tree, from the southern circumferential part of the tree. So we had a hundred samples from each variety in order to get more relevant data. Next, the length of blooming was measured, the precentage of functionally male flowers was determined and consequently morphological sterility for each variety was established. The results have shown that there are significant differences in the percentage of male flowers between different varieties. Karbunčela variety had a little less than 20% of male flowers, varieties puljka and puljižica had about one third of functionally male flowers. Oštrica variety had a little less than a half functionally male flowers, while drobnica variety, which is used as a pollinator, had 75% of functionally male flowers

Morfological sterility of nativ cultivars olive from island Ugljan

Područje otoka Ugljana poznato je po višetisućljetnom uzgoju i preradi maslina. Još od antičkih vremena glasovita je kvaliteta maslinovih ulja s ovoga otoka. I danas na otoku ima oko 300.000 stabala maslina. Na Ugljanu nalazimo autohtone sorte koje nisu determinirane i detaljno morfološki opisane, stoga je cilj i svrha ovoga rada istražiti svojstvo morfološkog steriliteta kod pet autohtonih otočkih sorti: karbunčela, puljka, puljižica, oštrica i drobnica. Unatoč toj višetisućljetnoj tradiciji uzgoja masline, svojstvo morfološkog steriliteta kao fenomen počeo se istraživati tek u XX. stoljeću. Naime, istraživanja su pokazala kako udio uvenulih i odbačenih cvjetova u fazi cvatnje izravno utječe na broj plodova koji će dosegnuti zrelost za berbu. Istraživanja koja su obavljenu u ovom radu odrađena su u dva navrata i to s razlogom što neke od sorata cvjetaju ranije, a neke nešto kasnije. Dana 18. i 19. svibnja 2016.godine uzeti su uzorci za analizu sorata: karbunčela, puljka i drobnica dok su uzorci sorata oštrica i puljižica uzeti za analizu 29. svibnja 2016. godine. Uzorci su uzeti sa četiri stabla od svake sorte na različitim lokalitetima na otoku odnosno po 25 cvatova od svakoga stabla, i to na južnom obodnom dijelu, što znači stotinu uzoraka za svaku sortu kako bismo imali što relevantnije podatke. Zatim je izmjerena duljina cvata i određen udio funkcionalno muških cvjetova pomoću čega je utvrđen morfološki sterilitet za svaku sortu. Rezultati su pokazali kako postoje značajnije razlike u udjelu funkcionalno muških cvjetova između sorata. Sorta karbunčela imala je nešto manje od 20% muških cvjetova, sorte puljka, puljižica imale su oko trećinu funkcionalno muških cvjetova. Kod sorte oštrice nešto manje od polovice bili su funkcionalno muški, dok je sorta drobnica, koja se koristi kao oprašivač, imala 75 % funkcionalno muških cvjetova.The island of Ugljan area is famous for its millenia-old olive growing and processing. Since ancient times the quality of olive oils from the island has been well-known. Even today there are about 300 000 olive trees on the island. There are autochthonous varieties on the island, which are not determined and morphologically described in detail, so the aim of this paper is to research the characteristic of morphological sterility in five indigenous island varieties: karbunčela, puljka, puljižica, oštrica and drobnica. In spite of millenia-old tradition of olive growing, the characteristic of morphological sterility as a phenomenon started to be researched only in 20th century. Namely, research has shown that the percentage of wilted and fallen flowers during the blooming period has a direct impact on the number of fruits that will reach harvest time. Research done and described in this paper was carried out at two intervals owing to the fact that some varieties bloom earlier and some later. On 18th and 19th May samples were taken for analysis of varieties karbunčela, puljka and drobnica and on 29th May samples were taken for varieties oštrica and puljižica. The samples were taken from four trees of each variety on different sites of the island, namely 25 flowers from each tree, from the southern circumferential part of the tree. So we had a hundred samples from each variety in order to get more relevant data. Next, the length of blooming was measured, the precentage of functionally male flowers was determined and consequently morphological sterility for each variety was established. The results have shown that there are significant differences in the percentage of male flowers between different varieties. Karbunčela variety had a little less than 20% of male flowers, varieties puljka and puljižica had about one third of functionally male flowers. Oštrica variety had a little less than a half functionally male flowers, while drobnica variety, which is used as a pollinator, had 75% of functionally male flowers

MAGNESIUM HOMEOSTASIS DISORDER IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Magnezij je važan unutarstanični kation koji sudjeluje kao kofaktor u više od šest stotina biokemijskih reakcija. Raspon koncentracije magnezija strogo je reguliran apsorpcijom u crijevu, izlučivanjem putem bubrega te puferiranjem u stanicama i koštanom tkivu zbog čega određivanje isključivo koncentracije magnezija u serumu često nije dostatno za cjelovitu procjenu razine magnezija u organizmu. Napredovanjem kronične bubrežne bolesti (KBB) dolazi do smanjenja glomerularne fi ltracije što nerijetko dovodi do nastanka hipermagnezemije. Cilj ovog rada je povećati svijest o poremećaju homeostaze magnezija u bolesnika s KBB i mogućim posljedicama poremećaja njegove ravnoteže. Pri provođenju hemodijalize treba pažljivo odabrati koncentraciju magnezija u dijalizatu. Korištenjem vode za dijalizu bez magnezija često dolazi do razvoja hipomagnezemije, a korištenjem otopine s višim koncentracijama magnezija nuspojave su blaže. U bolesnika na dijalizi češća je hipermagnezemija, dok hipomagnezemija najčešće nastaje zbog smanjene apsorpcije u jejunumu. Povezanost peritonejske dijalize i hipomagnezemije još nije dovoljno istražena. U bolesnika s transplantiranim bubregom hipomagnezemija je česta. Uočeno je više mehanizama kojima niska koncentracija magnezija u serumu povisuje stopu smrtnosti u bolesnika s KBB-om; neki od njih su ubrzana kalcifi kacija krvnih žila, dijabetogeni učinak, poticanje razvoja dislipidemije te metaboličkog sindroma. Nadalje, teška hipomagnezemija može izazvati nastanak smrtonosnih srčanih aritmija. Ne postoji usuglašeno mišljenje treba li se provoditi nadoknada magnezija u bolesnika s KBB-om, iako su neke studije pokazale da se na taj način mogu prevenirati dugoročne komplikacije i srčanožilni incidenti.Magnesium is an important intracellular cation that acts as a cofactor in over 600 biochemical reactions. Concentration range of magnesium is strictly regulated by intestinal absorption, renal excretion and via cellular and bone buffering; thus determining magnesium concentration in serum may not be suffi cient to fully assess magnesium levels in the body. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression leads to a decrease in glomerular fi ltration resulting in hypermagnesemia. The aim of this article is to increase the awareness of magnesium homeostasis disorders in CKD and possible repercussions of magnesium imbalance. Concentration of magnesium in dialysis fl uid should be determined very carefully during hemodialysis. Hypomagnesemia often occurs when dialysis fl uid without magnesium is used, while using dialysis fl uid with higher magnesium concentrations has been reported to have less side effects. Patients on dialysis often have hypermagnesemia, while hypomagnesemia is connected with lower absorption in jejunum. Connection between peritoneal dialysis and hypomagnesemia is not fully investigated. Hypomagnesemia is common in patients with kidney transplant. There are many mechanisms through which hypomagnesemia increases mortality rate in patients with CKD, including increased rate of blood vessel calcifi cation, pro-diabetic effects, increasing the risk of dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, severe hypomagnesemia can cause fatal heart arrhythmias. A consensus regarding magnesium supplementation in patients with CKD has not been reached, although some studies have shown that it might prevent longterm complications and cardiovascular incidents

MAGNESIUM HOMEOSTASIS DISORDER IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Magnezij je važan unutarstanični kation koji sudjeluje kao kofaktor u više od šest stotina biokemijskih reakcija. Raspon koncentracije magnezija strogo je reguliran apsorpcijom u crijevu, izlučivanjem putem bubrega te puferiranjem u stanicama i koštanom tkivu zbog čega određivanje isključivo koncentracije magnezija u serumu često nije dostatno za cjelovitu procjenu razine magnezija u organizmu. Napredovanjem kronične bubrežne bolesti (KBB) dolazi do smanjenja glomerularne fi ltracije što nerijetko dovodi do nastanka hipermagnezemije. Cilj ovog rada je povećati svijest o poremećaju homeostaze magnezija u bolesnika s KBB i mogućim posljedicama poremećaja njegove ravnoteže. Pri provođenju hemodijalize treba pažljivo odabrati koncentraciju magnezija u dijalizatu. Korištenjem vode za dijalizu bez magnezija često dolazi do razvoja hipomagnezemije, a korištenjem otopine s višim koncentracijama magnezija nuspojave su blaže. U bolesnika na dijalizi češća je hipermagnezemija, dok hipomagnezemija najčešće nastaje zbog smanjene apsorpcije u jejunumu. Povezanost peritonejske dijalize i hipomagnezemije još nije dovoljno istražena. U bolesnika s transplantiranim bubregom hipomagnezemija je česta. Uočeno je više mehanizama kojima niska koncentracija magnezija u serumu povisuje stopu smrtnosti u bolesnika s KBB-om; neki od njih su ubrzana kalcifi kacija krvnih žila, dijabetogeni učinak, poticanje razvoja dislipidemije te metaboličkog sindroma. Nadalje, teška hipomagnezemija može izazvati nastanak smrtonosnih srčanih aritmija. Ne postoji usuglašeno mišljenje treba li se provoditi nadoknada magnezija u bolesnika s KBB-om, iako su neke studije pokazale da se na taj način mogu prevenirati dugoročne komplikacije i srčanožilni incidenti.Magnesium is an important intracellular cation that acts as a cofactor in over 600 biochemical reactions. Concentration range of magnesium is strictly regulated by intestinal absorption, renal excretion and via cellular and bone buffering; thus determining magnesium concentration in serum may not be suffi cient to fully assess magnesium levels in the body. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression leads to a decrease in glomerular fi ltration resulting in hypermagnesemia. The aim of this article is to increase the awareness of magnesium homeostasis disorders in CKD and possible repercussions of magnesium imbalance. Concentration of magnesium in dialysis fl uid should be determined very carefully during hemodialysis. Hypomagnesemia often occurs when dialysis fl uid without magnesium is used, while using dialysis fl uid with higher magnesium concentrations has been reported to have less side effects. Patients on dialysis often have hypermagnesemia, while hypomagnesemia is connected with lower absorption in jejunum. Connection between peritoneal dialysis and hypomagnesemia is not fully investigated. Hypomagnesemia is common in patients with kidney transplant. There are many mechanisms through which hypomagnesemia increases mortality rate in patients with CKD, including increased rate of blood vessel calcifi cation, pro-diabetic effects, increasing the risk of dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, severe hypomagnesemia can cause fatal heart arrhythmias. A consensus regarding magnesium supplementation in patients with CKD has not been reached, although some studies have shown that it might prevent longterm complications and cardiovascular incidents

Current developments in diagnosis and treatment of acute pancreatitis

Akutni pankreatitis upalna je bolest nastala pretjeranom aktivacijom enzima gušterače, osobito tripsina, koja nastaje djelovanjem različitih etioloških čimbenika kod osoba s određenom genetskom predispozicijom. Iako je učestalost bolesti u porastu, posljednjih desetljeća smrtnost se smanjila uslijed brojnih napredaka u dijagnostičkom i terapijskom pristupu. Rutinska upotreba endoskopskog ultrazvuka dovela je do boljeg dijagnosticiranja etiologije, poboljšanog razumijevanja i klasificiranja peripankreatičnih kolekcija, te naročito razvoja endoskopskih, minimalno invazivnih metoda liječenja inficiranih nekrotičnih kolekcija, koje predstavljaju glavni uzrok odgođenog mortaliteta. Utjecaj na prognozu bolesti imali su i pomaci u konzervativnom liječenju, osobito vezano za enteralnu i parenteralnu prehranu, izbjegavanje rutinske, prijevremene primjene antibiotika i sprečavanje razvoja sindroma abdominalnog kompartmenta. Revidirana je klasifikacija peripankreatičnih kolekcija, a osim endoskopskih, razvijene su i minimalno invazivne, perkutane kirurške metode, koje su znatno smanjile smrtnost ranijih otvorenih kirurških zahvata. Prepoznata je važnost sustavnog pristupa liječenju ove bolesti u specijaliziranim jedinicama, te se najbolji rezultati postižu uz kvalitetnu multidisciplinarnu suradnju visokospecijaliziranih stručnjaka.Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease caused by excessive activation of pancreatic enzymes, especially trypsin, which is caused by various etiological factors in people with a certain genetic predisposition. Although, there is a rising incidence of acute pancreatitis, during the last few decades mortality decreased due to better diagnostic and therapic procedures. Routine use of endoscopic ultrasound has led to better diagnosis of etiology, improved understanding and classification of peripancreatic collections, and especially to the development of endoscopic, minimally invasive methods of treating infected necrotic collections, which are a major cause of delayed mortality. Advances in conservative treatment, especially in enteral and parenteral nutrition, avoidance of routine premature administration of antibiotics and prevention of the development of abdominal compartment syndrome, also had an impact on the prognosis of the disease. The classification of peripancreatic collections has been revised, and besides endoscopic, minimally invasive, percutaneous surgical methods have been developed, which have significantly reduced the mortality of previously open surgical procedures. The importance of a systematic approach to the treatment of this disease in specialized units has been recognized, and the best results are achieved with quality multidisciplinary cooperation of highly specialized experts

Morfological sterility of nativ cultivars olive from island Ugljan

Područje otoka Ugljana poznato je po višetisućljetnom uzgoju i preradi maslina. Još od antičkih vremena glasovita je kvaliteta maslinovih ulja s ovoga otoka. I danas na otoku ima oko 300.000 stabala maslina. Na Ugljanu nalazimo autohtone sorte koje nisu determinirane i detaljno morfološki opisane, stoga je cilj i svrha ovoga rada istražiti svojstvo morfološkog steriliteta kod pet autohtonih otočkih sorti: karbunčela, puljka, puljižica, oštrica i drobnica. Unatoč toj višetisućljetnoj tradiciji uzgoja masline, svojstvo morfološkog steriliteta kao fenomen počeo se istraživati tek u XX. stoljeću. Naime, istraživanja su pokazala kako udio uvenulih i odbačenih cvjetova u fazi cvatnje izravno utječe na broj plodova koji će dosegnuti zrelost za berbu. Istraživanja koja su obavljenu u ovom radu odrađena su u dva navrata i to s razlogom što neke od sorata cvjetaju ranije, a neke nešto kasnije. Dana 18. i 19. svibnja 2016.godine uzeti su uzorci za analizu sorata: karbunčela, puljka i drobnica dok su uzorci sorata oštrica i puljižica uzeti za analizu 29. svibnja 2016. godine. Uzorci su uzeti sa četiri stabla od svake sorte na različitim lokalitetima na otoku odnosno po 25 cvatova od svakoga stabla, i to na južnom obodnom dijelu, što znači stotinu uzoraka za svaku sortu kako bismo imali što relevantnije podatke. Zatim je izmjerena duljina cvata i određen udio funkcionalno muških cvjetova pomoću čega je utvrđen morfološki sterilitet za svaku sortu. Rezultati su pokazali kako postoje značajnije razlike u udjelu funkcionalno muških cvjetova između sorata. Sorta karbunčela imala je nešto manje od 20% muških cvjetova, sorte puljka, puljižica imale su oko trećinu funkcionalno muških cvjetova. Kod sorte oštrice nešto manje od polovice bili su funkcionalno muški, dok je sorta drobnica, koja se koristi kao oprašivač, imala 75 % funkcionalno muških cvjetova.The island of Ugljan area is famous for its millenia-old olive growing and processing. Since ancient times the quality of olive oils from the island has been well-known. Even today there are about 300 000 olive trees on the island. There are autochthonous varieties on the island, which are not determined and morphologically described in detail, so the aim of this paper is to research the characteristic of morphological sterility in five indigenous island varieties: karbunčela, puljka, puljižica, oštrica and drobnica. In spite of millenia-old tradition of olive growing, the characteristic of morphological sterility as a phenomenon started to be researched only in 20th century. Namely, research has shown that the percentage of wilted and fallen flowers during the blooming period has a direct impact on the number of fruits that will reach harvest time. Research done and described in this paper was carried out at two intervals owing to the fact that some varieties bloom earlier and some later. On 18th and 19th May samples were taken for analysis of varieties karbunčela, puljka and drobnica and on 29th May samples were taken for varieties oštrica and puljižica. The samples were taken from four trees of each variety on different sites of the island, namely 25 flowers from each tree, from the southern circumferential part of the tree. So we had a hundred samples from each variety in order to get more relevant data. Next, the length of blooming was measured, the precentage of functionally male flowers was determined and consequently morphological sterility for each variety was established. The results have shown that there are significant differences in the percentage of male flowers between different varieties. Karbunčela variety had a little less than 20% of male flowers, varieties puljka and puljižica had about one third of functionally male flowers. Oštrica variety had a little less than a half functionally male flowers, while drobnica variety, which is used as a pollinator, had 75% of functionally male flowers

Current developments in diagnosis and treatment of acute pancreatitis

Akutni pankreatitis upalna je bolest nastala pretjeranom aktivacijom enzima gušterače, osobito tripsina, koja nastaje djelovanjem različitih etioloških čimbenika kod osoba s određenom genetskom predispozicijom. Iako je učestalost bolesti u porastu, posljednjih desetljeća smrtnost se smanjila uslijed brojnih napredaka u dijagnostičkom i terapijskom pristupu. Rutinska upotreba endoskopskog ultrazvuka dovela je do boljeg dijagnosticiranja etiologije, poboljšanog razumijevanja i klasificiranja peripankreatičnih kolekcija, te naročito razvoja endoskopskih, minimalno invazivnih metoda liječenja inficiranih nekrotičnih kolekcija, koje predstavljaju glavni uzrok odgođenog mortaliteta. Utjecaj na prognozu bolesti imali su i pomaci u konzervativnom liječenju, osobito vezano za enteralnu i parenteralnu prehranu, izbjegavanje rutinske, prijevremene primjene antibiotika i sprečavanje razvoja sindroma abdominalnog kompartmenta. Revidirana je klasifikacija peripankreatičnih kolekcija, a osim endoskopskih, razvijene su i minimalno invazivne, perkutane kirurške metode, koje su znatno smanjile smrtnost ranijih otvorenih kirurških zahvata. Prepoznata je važnost sustavnog pristupa liječenju ove bolesti u specijaliziranim jedinicama, te se najbolji rezultati postižu uz kvalitetnu multidisciplinarnu suradnju visokospecijaliziranih stručnjaka.Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease caused by excessive activation of pancreatic enzymes, especially trypsin, which is caused by various etiological factors in people with a certain genetic predisposition. Although, there is a rising incidence of acute pancreatitis, during the last few decades mortality decreased due to better diagnostic and therapic procedures. Routine use of endoscopic ultrasound has led to better diagnosis of etiology, improved understanding and classification of peripancreatic collections, and especially to the development of endoscopic, minimally invasive methods of treating infected necrotic collections, which are a major cause of delayed mortality. Advances in conservative treatment, especially in enteral and parenteral nutrition, avoidance of routine premature administration of antibiotics and prevention of the development of abdominal compartment syndrome, also had an impact on the prognosis of the disease. The classification of peripancreatic collections has been revised, and besides endoscopic, minimally invasive, percutaneous surgical methods have been developed, which have significantly reduced the mortality of previously open surgical procedures. The importance of a systematic approach to the treatment of this disease in specialized units has been recognized, and the best results are achieved with quality multidisciplinary cooperation of highly specialized experts

Current developments in diagnosis and treatment of acute pancreatitis

Akutni pankreatitis upalna je bolest nastala pretjeranom aktivacijom enzima gušterače, osobito tripsina, koja nastaje djelovanjem različitih etioloških čimbenika kod osoba s određenom genetskom predispozicijom. Iako je učestalost bolesti u porastu, posljednjih desetljeća smrtnost se smanjila uslijed brojnih napredaka u dijagnostičkom i terapijskom pristupu. Rutinska upotreba endoskopskog ultrazvuka dovela je do boljeg dijagnosticiranja etiologije, poboljšanog razumijevanja i klasificiranja peripankreatičnih kolekcija, te naročito razvoja endoskopskih, minimalno invazivnih metoda liječenja inficiranih nekrotičnih kolekcija, koje predstavljaju glavni uzrok odgođenog mortaliteta. Utjecaj na prognozu bolesti imali su i pomaci u konzervativnom liječenju, osobito vezano za enteralnu i parenteralnu prehranu, izbjegavanje rutinske, prijevremene primjene antibiotika i sprečavanje razvoja sindroma abdominalnog kompartmenta. Revidirana je klasifikacija peripankreatičnih kolekcija, a osim endoskopskih, razvijene su i minimalno invazivne, perkutane kirurške metode, koje su znatno smanjile smrtnost ranijih otvorenih kirurških zahvata. Prepoznata je važnost sustavnog pristupa liječenju ove bolesti u specijaliziranim jedinicama, te se najbolji rezultati postižu uz kvalitetnu multidisciplinarnu suradnju visokospecijaliziranih stručnjaka.Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease caused by excessive activation of pancreatic enzymes, especially trypsin, which is caused by various etiological factors in people with a certain genetic predisposition. Although, there is a rising incidence of acute pancreatitis, during the last few decades mortality decreased due to better diagnostic and therapic procedures. Routine use of endoscopic ultrasound has led to better diagnosis of etiology, improved understanding and classification of peripancreatic collections, and especially to the development of endoscopic, minimally invasive methods of treating infected necrotic collections, which are a major cause of delayed mortality. Advances in conservative treatment, especially in enteral and parenteral nutrition, avoidance of routine premature administration of antibiotics and prevention of the development of abdominal compartment syndrome, also had an impact on the prognosis of the disease. The classification of peripancreatic collections has been revised, and besides endoscopic, minimally invasive, percutaneous surgical methods have been developed, which have significantly reduced the mortality of previously open surgical procedures. The importance of a systematic approach to the treatment of this disease in specialized units has been recognized, and the best results are achieved with quality multidisciplinary cooperation of highly specialized experts