24,745 research outputs found
Probability distribution of the order parameter
The probability distribution of the order parameter is exploited in order to
obtain the criticality of magnetic systems. Monte Carlo simulations have been
employed by using single spin flip Metropolis algorithm aided by finite-size
scaling and histogram reweighting techniques. A method is proposed to obtain
this probability distribution even when the transition temperature of the model
is unknown. A test is performed on the two-dimensional spin-1/2 and spin-1
Ising model and the results show that the present procedure can be quite
efficient and accurate to describe the criticality of the system.Comment: 5 pages, 7 figures, to appear in Braz. J. Phys. 34, June 200
Probing the gluon density of the proton in the exclusive photoproduction of vector mesons at the LHC: A phenomenological analysis
The current uncertainty on the gluon density extracted from the global parton
analysis is large in the kinematical range of small values of the Bjorken -
variable and low values of the hard scale . An alternative to reduces this
uncertainty is the analysis of the exclusive vector meson photoproduction in
photon - hadron and hadron - hadron collisions. This process offers a unique
opportunity to constrain the gluon density of the proton, since its cross
section is proportional to the gluon density squared. In this paper we consider
current parametrizations for the gluon distribution and estimate the exclusive
vector meson photoproduction cross section at HERA and LHC using the leading
logarithmic formalism. We perform a fit of the normalization of the
cross section and the value of the hard scale for the process and demonstrate
that the current LHCb experimental data are better described by models that
assume a slow increasing of the gluon distribution at small - and low
.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, 1 table. Version published in European Physical
Journal
Liquid mixtures involving fluorinated alcohols: The equation of state (p, r, T, x) of (Ethanol + Trifluoroethanol) Experimental and Simulation
Liquid mixtures involving fluorinated alcohols:
The equation of state (p, r, T, x) of (Ethanol + Trifluoroethanol)
Experimental and Simulation
Pedro Duartea, Djêide Rodriguesa, Marcelo Silvaa, Pedro Morgadoa,
Luís Martinsa,b and Eduardo J. M. Filipea*
aCentro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
bCentro de Química de Évora, Universidade de Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
Fluorinated alcohols are substances with unique properties and high technological value in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. Trifluoroethanol (TFE), in particular, displays a number of unusual properties as a solvent. For example, it dissolves nylon at room temperature and is effectively used as solvent in bioengineering. The presence of the three fluorines atoms gives the alcohol a high ionization constant, strong hydrogen bonding capability and stability at high temperatures.
In the pharmaceutical industry, TFE finds use as the major raw material for the production of inhalation anesthetics. Mixtures of TFE and water (known as Fluorinols®) are used as working fluids for Rankine cycle heat engines for terrestrial and space applications, as a result of a unique combination of physical and thermodynamic properties such as high thermal efficiency and excellent turbine expansion characteristics.
Environmentally, TFE is a CFC substitute with an acceptable short lifetime and with small ozone depletion potential. Additionally, TFE is known to induce conformational changes in proteins and it is used as a co-solvent to analyze structural features of partially folded states.
The (ethanol + TFE) system displays an interesting and peculiar behaviour, combining a negative azeotrope with high positive excess volumes.
In this work, liquid mixtures of (ethanol + TFE) were investigated. The densities of the mixtures were measured as a function of composition between 278K and 338K and at pressures up to 700 bar. The corresponding excess volumes as a function of temperature and pressure, the isothermal compressibilities and thermal expansivities were calculated from the experimental results. The mixtures are highly non-ideal with excess volumes ranging from 0.8 - 1.0 cm3mol-1.
Finally, molecular dynamic simulations were performed to model and interpret the experimental results. The Trappe force field was used to simulate the (TFE + ethanol) mixtures and calculate the corresponding excess volumes. The simulation results are able to reproduce the correct sign and order of magnitude of the experimental VE without fitting to the experimental data. Furthermore, the simulations suggest the presence of a particular type of hydrogen bridge between ethanol and TFE, that can help to rationalize the experimental results
Clustering Properties of Dynamical Dark Energy Models
We provide a generic but physically clear discussion of the clustering
properties of dark energy models. We explicitly show that in quintessence-type
models the dark energy fluctuations, on scales smaller than the Hubble radius,
are of the order of the perturbations to the Newtonian gravitational potential,
hence necessarily small on cosmological scales. Moreover, comparable
fluctuations are associated with different gauge choices. We also demonstrate
that the often used homogeneous approximation is unrealistic, and that the
so-called dark energy mutation is a trivial artifact of an effective, single
fluid description. Finally, we discuss the particular case where the dark
energy fluid is coupled to dark matter.Comment: 5 page
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