Intratumorska heterogenost ekspresije katepsina D, ciklina D1, nm23 i nm23 H1 gena u planocelularnom karcinomu grkljana [ Intratumoral heterogeneity of cathepsin D, cyclin D1, nm23 and nm23H1 gene expression in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma ]

Intratumoral heterogeneity is defined as the parallel existence of diploid and aneuploid clones as well as different abnormal cell lines within a given tumor. This implies that different tumor parts express different behavior (e.g. propensity to invade or metastasize, resistance against chemo- or radiotherapy). One of the most important goals of different investigations is to predict the biological behavior of tumors. Current investigations mostly neglect intratumoral heterogeneity in general and completely ignore the possibility of regional intratumoral heterogeneity. The goals of my investigation, performed on a group of 170 patients with laryngeal cancer undergoing partial or complete laryngectomy were to define intratumoral heterogeneity of cyclin D1, cathepsin D and nm23 protein as well as nm23H1 gene in three different tumor regions (tumor center, invasive margin and transformation region), to establish potential prognostic significance of regional factors and to establish potential correlation between the investigated factors and classical prognostic factors (T, N, M, histological grade). Taken together the results of this study give some intriguing answers to the above questions. It was clearly shown that the intratumoral heterogeneity is not a diffuse, random event, but that there is a clear areal distribution of immunoreactivity to cathepsin D and cyclin D1, with the invasive margin expressing the strongest immunoreactivity followed by the tumor center. There is positive correlation for expression of cathepsin D in tumor cells with T (p=0,003), and negative correlation for stromal expression of cathepsin D with T (p=0,006), N (p=0,01) and histological grade (p=0,02). Areal expression of cathepsin D and cyclin D1 showed prognostic significance on Kaplan-Meier curves (cathepsin D (p=0,001) cyclin D1 (p=0,008)). Using RPART statistics the expression of cathepsin D in tumor stromal cells of tumor center was demonstrated as being a classificator equal to standard prognostic parameters

Statistical Analysis of Vickers Indentation Fracture Toughness of Y-TZP Ceramics

The purpose of this study was to investigate and analyse the fracture toughness of yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) dental ceramics by means of the Vickers indentation technique. Fracture toughness was analysed under the following loads: 29.42 N, 49.03 N, 196.13 N, and 294.20 N. Cracks that had developed from the vertices of a Vickers indentation were measured and used for the determination of fracture toughness by using nine different models. It was found that fracture toughness depends on the indentation load, the morphology of indentation cracking, and the applied model of fracture resistance. The set of fracture toughness data was analysed using the two-parameter Weibull statistics. The Weibull modulus and the scale parameter were determined by the linear regression method. It was concluded that the Weibull distribution can describe the fracture toughness of Y-TZP ceramics properly

COVID-19 i dijagnostika tumora prostate u KBC-u Zagreb

The aim of this study was to compare the number of biopsy and surgical procedures on prostate, as well as the number of newly diagnosed, histologically confirmed cases of prostate cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic at Zagreb University Hospital Center (UHC). We retrospectively collected and processed a total of 1344 histopathologic findings of the prostate at the Zagreb UHC. Our results show that during the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a statistically significant decrease in the absolute number of biopsy and surgical procedures on prostate at Zagreb UHC, and so was the number of newly diagnosed, histologically confirmed cases of prostate cancer. During the observed time of the pandemic (March 19, 2020 to December 31, 2020), there was a 37.5% decrease in the absolute number of newly diagnosed prostate cancer cases compared to the same period of the previous year (March 19, 2019 to December 31, 2019). To our knowledge, this is the first study of this kind that is based on the number of prostate cancer diagnoses in Croatia. By observing the early period of the pandemic, our results provide important guidelines for monitoring and understanding the long-term consequences of the pandemic on the prostate cancer morbidity and mortality.Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je usporediti broj biopsijskih i kirurških zahvata na prostati, kao i broj novodijagnosticiranih, patohistološki potvrđenih slučajeva karcinoma prostate tijekom pandemije COVID-19 u Kliničkom bolničkom centru Zagreb. Retrogradno smo prikupili i obradili ukupno 1344 patohistoloških nalaza prostate na Kliničkom zavodu za patologiju i citologiju KBC-a Zagreb. Naši rezultati pokazuju da je tijekom pandemije COVID-19 došlo do statistički značajnog pada apsolutnog broja biopsijskih i kirurških zahvata na prostati, kao i broja novodijagnosticiranih, patohistološki potvrđenih slučajeva karcinoma prostate. Uočen je pad apsolutnog broja novodijagnosticiranih karcinoma prostate za 37,5% u promatranom vremenu pandemije (od 19. ožujka do 31. prosinca 2020. godine) u odnosu na isto razdoblje u prethodnoj godini (od 19. ožujka do 31. prosinca 2019. godine). Prema našim spoznajama ovo je prvo istraživanje ovakvog tipa temeljeno na broju pretraga karcinoma prostate na području Republike Hrvatske. Promatrajući rano razdoblje pandemije naši rezultati donose važne smjernice u budućem praćenju i dugoročnim posljedicama pandemije na pobol i smrtnost karcinoma prostate

Utjecaj pandemije COVID-19 na novodijagnosticirane urotelne karcinome

The aim of this study was to compare the number of newly diagnosed, histopathologically confirmed cases of urothelial carcinoma before and during the COVID-19 pandemic at the Zagreb University Hospital Center. We retroactively collected and analyzed 300 histopathologically confirmed urothelial carcinoma between January 1, 2019, and December 31, 2020, at the Department of Pathology and Cytology, Zagreb University Hospital Center. Our results showed that during the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a statistically significant decrease (p=0.001; χ2-test) in the number of newly diagnosed, histopathologically confirmed cases of urothelial carcinoma at the Zagreb University Hospital Center. There was a decrease in the absolute number of newly diagnosed urothelial carcinoma by 25.8% in the observed time of the pandemic (March 19, 2020 to December 31, 2020) as compared to the same period of the previous year (March 19, 2019 to December 31, 2019). Our study is the first study of this type based on the number of newly diagnosed urothelial carcinoma in Croatia. Observing the early period of the pandemic, our results provide important foundation for future monitoring and long-term consequences of the pandemic on the morbidity and mortality of urothelial carcinoma.Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je usporediti broj novodijagnosticiranih, patohistološki potvrđenih slučajeva urotelnog karcinoma prije i tijekom pandemije COVID-19 u KBC-u Zagreb. Na Kliničkom zavodu za patologiju i citologiju KBC-a Zagreb retroaktivno smo prikupili i obradili ukupno 300 patohistološki potvrđenih urotelnih karcinoma. Naši rezultati pokazuju da je tijekom pandemije COVID-19 došlo do statistički značajnog smanjenja (p=0,001; χ2-test) broja novodijagnosticiranih, patohistološki potvrđenih slučajeva urotelnog karcinoma u KBC-u Zagreb. Uočen je pad apsolutnog broja novodijagnosticiranih urotelnih karcinoma za 25,8% u promatranom vremenu pandemije (19. ožujka 2020. do 31. prosinca 2020.) u odnosu na isto razdoblje prošle godine (19. ožujka 2019. do 31. prosinca 2019.). Prema našim saznanjima, ovo je prva studija ovog tipa temeljena na broju novodijagnosticiranih urotelnih karcinoma u Hrvatskoj. Promatrajući rano razdoblje pandemije, naši rezultati daju važne temelje za buduće praćenje i dugoročne posljedice pandemije na pobol i smrtnost od urotelnog karcinoma

COVID-19 i dijagnostika tumora prostate u KBC-u Zagreb

The aim of this study was to compare the number of biopsy and surgical procedures on prostate, as well as the number of newly diagnosed, histologically confirmed cases of prostate cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic at Zagreb University Hospital Center (UHC). We retrospectively collected and processed a total of 1344 histopathologic findings of the prostate at the Zagreb UHC. Our results show that during the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a statistically significant decrease in the absolute number of biopsy and surgical procedures on prostate at Zagreb UHC, and so was the number of newly diagnosed, histologically confirmed cases of prostate cancer. During the observed time of the pandemic (March 19, 2020 to December 31, 2020), there was a 37.5% decrease in the absolute number of newly diagnosed prostate cancer cases compared to the same period of the previous year (March 19, 2019 to December 31, 2019). To our knowledge, this is the first study of this kind that is based on the number of prostate cancer diagnoses in Croatia. By observing the early period of the pandemic, our results provide important guidelines for monitoring and understanding the long-term consequences of the pandemic on the prostate cancer morbidity and mortality.Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je usporediti broj biopsijskih i kirurških zahvata na prostati, kao i broj novodijagnosticiranih, patohistološki potvrđenih slučajeva karcinoma prostate tijekom pandemije COVID-19 u Kliničkom bolničkom centru Zagreb. Retrogradno smo prikupili i obradili ukupno 1344 patohistoloških nalaza prostate na Kliničkom zavodu za patologiju i citologiju KBC-a Zagreb. Naši rezultati pokazuju da je tijekom pandemije COVID-19 došlo do statistički značajnog pada apsolutnog broja biopsijskih i kirurških zahvata na prostati, kao i broja novodijagnosticiranih, patohistološki potvrđenih slučajeva karcinoma prostate. Uočen je pad apsolutnog broja novodijagnosticiranih karcinoma prostate za 37,5% u promatranom vremenu pandemije (od 19. ožujka do 31. prosinca 2020. godine) u odnosu na isto razdoblje u prethodnoj godini (od 19. ožujka do 31. prosinca 2019. godine). Prema našim spoznajama ovo je prvo istraživanje ovakvog tipa temeljeno na broju pretraga karcinoma prostate na području Republike Hrvatske. Promatrajući rano razdoblje pandemije naši rezultati donose važne smjernice u budućem praćenju i dugoročnim posljedicama pandemije na pobol i smrtnost karcinoma prostate

OCT4 imunohistokemija nakon laparoskopske limfadenektomije kod bolesnika s tumorom testisa

Twenty to thirty percent of patients with clinical stage I testicular tumor have metastases in the retroperitoneum. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of OCT4 immunohistochemistry in histopathologic diagnosis of lymph node metastases in patients with nonseminomatous germ cell testicular tumors. All clinical stage I patients with staging laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy from 2001 until 2009 were included. Archived materials of dissected lymph nodes were reassessed and additional immunohistochemical staining with OCT4 antibody was performed in patients diagnosed as free from metastases. Each slide was visually estimated for the percentage of tumor cells showing nuclear immunoreactivity for OCT4. The study included 93 patients, of which 30 (32.3%) had initially positive retroperitoneal lymph nodes. Of the remaining 63 patients, materials were missing for 5 patients, so additional immunohistochemical staining was performed in 58 patients. Of these, two (3.4%) patients were OCT4 positive, suggesting a conclusion that they were initially misdiagnosed as stage I and metastasis free. OCT4 proved its value in detecting retroperitoneal metastases. Staging laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for nonseminomatous germ cell testicular tumors in clinical stage I is a reasonable option for selected patients.Dvadeset do trideset posto bolesnika s tumorom testisa kliničkog stadija I. ima metastaze u retroperitoneumu. Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je utvrditi vrijednosti OCT4 u patohistološkoj dijagnostici metastaza u limfnim čvorovima dobivenih laparoskopskom retroperitonealnom limfadenektomijom za utvrđivanje proširenosti bolesti. U istraživanje su uključeni bolesnici kliničkog stadija I. koji su operirani u razdoblju od 2001. do 2009. godine. Učinjena je ponovna procjena arhiviranih patohistoloških materijala pričem su uzorci bolesnika za koje je prvobitno utvrđeno da nemaju metastaza dodatno imunohistokemijski obrađeni protutijelima OCT4. Za svako stakalce vizualno je procijenjen postotak tumorskih stanica jezgre kojih su pokazale imunoreakciju za OCT4. Istraživanjem su uključena 93 bolesnika od kojih je 30 (32,3%) inicijalno imalo metastaze u retroperitonealnim limfnim čvorovima. Od preostala 63 bolesnika pet ih nije imalo dostupne materijale za analizu te je imunohistokemijsko bojenje učinjeno za 58 bolesnika. Među njima dijagnosticirali smo dva (3,4%) bolesnika koji su imali limfne čvorove pozitivne na OCT4. Njima je inicijalno utvrđen krivi stadij bolesti, čime smo zaključili kako je OCT4 potvrdio svoju vrijednost u otkrivanju retroperitonealnih metastaza. Laparoskopska retroperitonealna limfadenektomija u svrhu utvrđivanja stadija bolesti predstavlja razumnu opciju za probrane bolesnike u kliničkom stadiju I. neseminomskih tumora zametnih stanica testisa

CLASSIFICATION OF GLOMERULOPATHIES

Postoje brojne klasifikacije glomerulonefritisa prema kojima se oni dijele na akutne i kronične, primarne i sekundarne, nasljedne i stečene, proliferativne i neproliferativne i dr. U kliničkoj praksi najčešće se služimo klasifikacijom prema patohistološkom nalazu. Za mnoge glomerulonefritise histološka slika, kao i klinička prezentacija, jako variraju. Nijedna podjela glomerulonefritisa nije utemeljena na razumijevanju patogeneze pojedinih oblika bolesti glomerula. Kako nova znanstvena otkrića rasvjetljavaju patogenetske mehanizme, tako se mijenjaju i klasifikacije pojedinih glomerulopatija. Najbolji primjer za to je membranoproliferativni glomerulonefritis.Glomerular diseases may be classified as acute or chronic, primary or secondary, hereditary or acquired, proliferative or non-proliferative etc. The most commonly used is the classification according to the histopathological finding. For certain types of glomerulonephritides histopathological image, as well as clinical presentation, may vary widely. A while ago there was no classification based on the pathogenesis of certain types of glomerular diseases. However, as scientists ellucidate the underlying pathogenetic mechanism, current classifications change. The latter is best shown at the example of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis