The impact of sika deer on a secondary forest and resident life in a mountainous area of the Chugoku District: Present status and residents’ awareness

中国地方の中山間地域を対象に，野外調査と地域住民に対するアンケート調査を行い，二次林と住民生活に対するシカ被害の現状とそれを引き起こした要因について考察した。東広島市福富町を調査対象地域とし，ヒノキの大径木と広葉樹が混生する二次林で植生調査を行った。調査区内の14種180本の樹木のうち，3.3%に角研ぎ跡，7.2％に食痕が認められ, 角研ぎに関してはヒノキ，摂食に関してはリョウブに有意な嗜好性が認められた。林床の植被率は低く，不嗜好性植物のアセビが優占していた。シカ被害に関するアンケートでは，「農業被害」が最も多く，この10 ～ 20年で目撃や被害が増加しているという回答が大半を占めた。自由記述では，以前は山の手入れを行っていたが，近年は手が入らなくなったというコメントが多かった。山に入らなくなった理由としては，生活様式の変化のほか，マツ枯れによってマツタケがとれなくなったことをあげる回答者が多かった。以上から，森林利用の停止によってシカの住処となる放置林が増加したが，林内に餌植物が少ないため，人家近くにシカが出現し被害をもたらしていると推測された。To investigate the impact of sika deer (Cervus nippon) on the forest ecosystem and resident life in a mountainous area of the Chugoku District, we conducted a vegetation survey and an awareness questionnaire survey. The study area was located in Fukutomi-Cho, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima Prefecture. We set a study plot in a secondary forest composed mainly of Chamaecyparis obtusa and broadleaf trees and recorded the damage by sika deer (herbivory and fraying) on each tree within the plot. There were 180 individual trees belonging to 14 species in the study plot, about 3.3% of which had fraying scars and 7.2% had feeding scars. The analysis indicated that sika deer had a significant preference for C. obtusa as fraying trees and Clethra barbinervis as food. Plant coverage of the forest floor was small and dominated by Pieris japonica, which is known to be unpalatable to deer. The awareness questionnaire survey revealed that the most common damage by sika deer was crop damage. The survey also indicated that the residents felt that sightings of and damage by sika deer had increased in the last 10–20 years. The residents noted that they had managed their forests for various purposes but stopped the management partly due to lifestyle changes and prevalence of pine wilt disease, which caused a significant decline in matsutake mushrooms. The results suggest that the increase of unmanaged forests provided sika deer with their habitat, and that the deer moved from the overgrazed forests to human habitation in search of food

「地域婦人会」の現代的機能と新たなネットワーク形成

金沢大学人間社会研究域法学系平成14-15年度の研究において、(1)諸資料による地域婦人会の構造や機能に関する歴史的変遷に関する検討、(2)都道府県レベルの地域婦人会をまとめる「全国地域婦人団体連絡協議会(全地婦連)」の活動状況の聞き取り、(3)石川県松任市において、地区の「地域婦人会」を解散し、自主的な女性ボランティア・グループを立ち上げた「えむの会」活動状況の聞き取り、の3点から「地域婦人会」のあゆみや現在的な状況、活動理念についてのデータを収集してきた。平成16年度は、これらの聞き取りによる事実把握と、収集した各種資料・文献との検討にもとづいて、歴史的観点も含めて「地域婦人会」を理論的に類型化した。そして、この類型にもとづいて、それぞれの「地域婦人会」を取り巻く集団間ネットワークに関する仮説の精緻化をはかり、都道府県レベルの単位婦人会会長へのアンケート調査を実施した。なお、このアンケート調査は「全地婦連」事務局との連携のもとにおこなった。この調査データを統計的に分析し、類型ごとの「地域婦人会」の特徴を把握するとともに、既存の婦人会組織の維持および活性化の方向性についての知見を得た。また、量的調査とともに「えむの会」への質的調査も引き続き行った。市町村合併という節目にあたり、「えむの会」自体もまた解散することから、量的調査では見えてこないコミュニティにおける地域集団の実態を把握することができた。これらアンケート調査および事例研究から、3年間にわたる「地域婦人会」研究の総括をおこなった。研究課題/領域番号:14710160, 研究期間(年度):2002 – 2004出典：「「地域婦人会」の現代的機能と新たなネットワーク形成」研究成果報告書　課題番号14710160(KAKEN：科学研究費助成事業データベース（国立情報学研究所）)（https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/ja/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-14710160/)を加工して作

Health-related quality of life after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer in elderly patients with an ileal conduit, ureterocutaneostomy, or orthotopic urinary reservoir: a comparative questionnaire survey

To compare the health-related quality of life of elderly patients after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer in urinary diversion groups: ileal conduit, ureterocutaneostomy, or orthotopic urinary reservoir. The 109 participating elderly patients aged 75 or older completed self-reporting questionnaires: the QLQ-C30, and on satisfaction with urinary diversion methods. Fifty-six patients had undergone constructions for ileal conduit diversion, 31 for ureterocutaneostomy, and 22 for orthotopic urinary reservoir (OUR). The median follow-up period for each group was 4.0 years (range 0.3-11.2), 4.5 years (range 0.3-18.0), and 3.3 years (range 0.3-6.7), respectively. Regardless of the type of urinary diversion, the majority of patients reported having good overall quality of life, although with some problem of pain. No significant differences among urinary diversion subgroups were found in any quality of life area in the QLQ-C30 questionnaire. More patients in the OUR sub-group felt disappointment than those in the ileal conduit or cutaneostomy sub-groups. However, a questionnaire which asked which diversion method would be preferable showed a trend that more patients in the OUR subgroup would have chosen the same one. Health-related quality of life appeared relatively good in these 3 groups. Patient demands and expectations may be so different from the results that the details of each urinary diversion method should be explained thoroughly. OUR construction could be a candidate even for elderly patients

Iodine-125 Seed Implantation (Permanent Brachytherapy) for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer

From January 2004 to March 2007, 308 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer were treated using iodine-125 (125I) seed implantation (permanent brachytherapy) at Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences. We evaluated the treatment’s effi cacy and morbidity in 300 prostate cancer patients who were followed up for more than 1 month after brachytherapy. Based on the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines, patients with a prostate volume of less than 40 ml in transrectal ultrasound imaging were classifi ed as low or intermediate risk. The median patient age was 67 years (range 50 to 79 years), the median prostate-specific antigen (PSA) value before biopsy was 6.95 ng/ml (range 1.13 to 24.7 ng/ml), and the median prostate volume was 24.33 ml (range 9.3 to 41.76 ml). The median follow-up was 18 months (range 1 to 36 months) and the PSA levels decreased in almost all patients after brachytherapy. Although 194 of 300 patients (64.7%) complained of diffi culty in urination, pollakisuria/urgency, miction pain, and/or urinary incontinence, all of which might be associated with radiation prostatitis during the fi rst month after brachytherapy, these symptoms gradually improved. 125I seed implantation brachytherapy is safe and eff ective for localized prostate cancer within short-term follow up.</p

ドイツにおける発達障害のある人びとへの社会的支援ードイツ北部現地調査報告

What is a system that allows young people with developmental disabilities to move smoothly from school to employment and how can it be constructed? In order to examine this issue, each country is selected from three regimes based on the welfare regime theory and international comparative research is conducted in the four countries including Japan. This article features Germany as a conservative welfare regime. We report on the results of field survey on institutions and organizations that support youth with developmental disability, mainly conducted in northern Germany, and consider the support of people with developmental disabilities in German welfare state system based on it

コウトウ キョウイク カイカク ノ ソウゴ コウイ ブンセキ : ビデオ エスノグラフィー ケンキュウ ノ ネライ ト コウガクブ トシ コウガク エンシュウ ノ ジッサイ

ビデオエスノグラフィーは、当事者的知識を十分に摂取しながら行うビデオ分析であり、我々は この方法で、高等教育改革の現場を研究した。生涯学習社会の到来を受けて、日本の高等教育は現在第 2 次世界大戦直後以来の改革期にある。すなわち、「知識」より「生涯学習能力」の獲得を志向した、 自発性を尊重するような様々な取り組みがなされ始めている。この高等教育の現場に対し、ワークプレ ース研究を行った。Ｂ大学工学部都市工学演習α班を分析対象とした調査の結果、①演習の課題解釈に は「従来の指標の相対化の要求の程度」を巡って２つの解釈があり得たこと、②班内にはその２種類の 解釈に対応した葛藤・対立的相互行為が存在したこと、③にもかかわらず、班内葛藤を生きる当事者が ともに専門性（「都市工学」）を志向していたこと、④したがって、課題理解のいかんにかかわらず、 班活動の全体が「都市工学演習」と呼び得るものになっていたこと、⑤その一方で、最終審査会場（ジ ュリー）ではこの２重性が十分レリバントなものとして浮かび上がって来ていなかったこと、これらの ことがわかった。諸結果を総合すると、学生の自主的活動を尊重するタイプの、新しい学習方法の吟味・ 評価のためには、学生によるその方法の実践状況の分析が有意義であるだろうこと、また、それは、場 合によっては教員の評価のパラダイムを変える力を持つだろうことなどが予測された。なお、本報告は、 文科省科学研究費補助金「高等教育改革のコミュニケーション分析－現場における文化変容の質的検討 －」（基盤研究（Ｂ）、 課題番号 １８３３０１０５、研究代表者：樫田美雄）ほかによる研究成果 の一部である

Enhancing evidence-informed policymaking in medicine and healthcare: stakeholder involvement in the Commons Project for rare diseases in Japan

Kogetsu A., Isono M., Aikyo T., et al. Enhancing evidence-informed policymaking in medicine and healthcare: stakeholder involvement in the Commons Project for rare diseases in Japan. Research Involvement and Engagement 9, 107 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1186/s40900-023-00515-5.Background: Although stakeholder involvement in policymaking is attracting attention in the fields of medicine and healthcare, a practical methodology has not yet been established. Rare-disease policy, specifically research priority setting for the allocation of limited research resources, is an area where evidence generation through stakeholder involvement is expected to be effective. We generated evidence for rare-disease policymaking through stakeholder involvement and explored effective collaboration among stakeholders. Methods: We constructed a space called ‘Evidence-generating Commons’, where patients, family members, researchers, and former policymakers can share their knowledge and experiences and engage in continual deliberations on evidence generation. Ten rare diseases were consequently represented. In the ‘Commons’, 25 consecutive workshops were held predominantly online, from 2019 to 2021. These workshops focused on (1) clarification of difficulties faced by rare-disease patients, (2) development and selection of criteria for priority setting, and (3) priority setting through the application of the criteria. For the first step, an on-site workshop using sticky notes was held. The data were analysed based on KJ method. For the second and third steps, workshops on specific themes were held to build consensus. The workshop agendas and methods were modified based on participants’ feedback. Results: The ‘Commons’ was established with 43 participants, resulting in positive effects such as capacity building, opportunities for interactions, mutual understanding, and empathy among the participants. The difficulties faced by patients with rare diseases were classified into 10 categories. Seven research topics were identified as priority issues to be addressed including ‘impediments to daily life’, ‘financial burden’, ‘anxiety’, and ‘burden of hospital visits’. This was performed by synthesising the results of the application of the two criteria that were particularly important to strengthen future research on rare diseases. We also clarified high-priority research topics by using criteria valued more by patients and family members than by researchers and former policymakers, and criteria with specific perspectives. Conclusion: We generated evidence for policymaking in the field of rare diseases. This study’s insights into stakeholder involvement can enhance evidence-informed policymaking. We engaged in comprehensive discussions with policymakers regarding policy implementation and planned analysis of the participants’ experiences in this project