Omega-3 fatty acids from fish by-products: Innovative extraction and application in food and feed

Omega -3 fatty acids (O3FA) are essential nutrients that play a crucial role in maintaining human and animal health. They are known for their numerous health claims, including cardiovascular benefits, contributing to both the prevention and treatment of immunological, neurological, reproductive, and cardiovascular complications, and supporting overall well-being. Fish, especially oily fish, comprise rich source of O3FA. In the fish industry, significant amounts of by-products and waste are generated during processing which are often discarded or used for lower -value applications. However, there is recognition of the potential value of extracting O3FA from these by-products. Various extraction techniques can be used, but the goal is to efficiently extract and concentrate the O3FA while minimizing the loss of nutritional value. To prevent oxidation and maintain the stability of O3FA, natural antioxidants can be added. Antioxidants like polyphenolic compounds and plant extracts help to protect the O3FA from degradation caused by exposure to oxygen, light, and heat. By stabilizing the O3FA, the shelf life and nutritional value of the extracted product can be extended. In summary, this work presents a forwardlooking strategy for transforming fish by-products into high -quality oils, which hold great potential for application in food and feed.This work was supported by national funds through FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC): CIMO, UIDB/00690/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/UIDB/00690/2020) and UIDP/00690/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/UIDP/00690/2020); and SusTEC, LA/P/0007/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/LA/P/0007/2020) and REQUIMTE (UIDB/50006/2020, DOI: 10.54499/UIDB/50006/2020; and UIDP/50006/2020, DOI: 10.54499/UIDP/50006/2020); CBQF, UIDB/50016/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/ UIDB/50016/2020). This study was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UIDB/04469/2020 unit, with DOI 10.54499/UIDB/04469/2020, and by LABBELS – Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems, LA/P/0029/2020.This work was funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Competitiveness and Internationalization Operational Program (POCI), within the framework of the Corporate R&D project in Co-promotion HealthyPETFOOD: PetFood Formulations to promote health and quality of life (POCI-01-0247 -FEDER-047073) M.R.G. Maia acknowledges FCT through program DL 57/2016 – Norma transit´oria (SFRH/BPD/70176/2010). Raquel F. S. Gonçalves acknowledge the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) for her fellowship (SFRH/BD/140182/2018).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Bianchi {VI}0_{0} in Scalar and Scalar-Tensor Cosmologies

We study several cosmological models with Bianchi \textrm{VI}$_{0}$ symmetries under the self-similar approach. In order to study how the \textquotedblleft constants\textquotedblright\ $G$ and $\Lambda$ may vary, we propose three scenarios where such constants are considered as time functions. The first model is a perfect fluid. We find that the behavior of $G$ and $\Lambda$ are related. If $G$ behaves as a growing time function then $\Lambda$ is a positive decreasing time function but if $G$ is decreasing then $\Lambda$ is negative. For this model we have found a new solution. The second model is a scalar field, where in a phenomenological way, we consider a modification of the Klein-Gordon equation in order to take into account the variation of $G$. Our third scenario is a scalar-tensor model. We find three solutions for this models where $G$ is growing, constant or decreasing and $\Lambda$ is a positive decreasing function or vanishes. We put special emphasis on calculating the curvature invariants in order to see if the solutions isotropize.Comment: Typos corrected. References added, minor corrections. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:0905.247

Method to obtain platelet-rich plasma from rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus )

Abstract: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a product easy and inxpesnsive, and stands out to for its growth factors in tissue repair. To obtain PRP, centrifugation of whole blood is made with specific time and gravitational forces. Thus, the present work aimed to study a method of double centrifugation to obtain PRP in order to evaluate the effective increase of platelet concentration in the final product, the preparation of PRP gel, and to optimize preparation time of the final sample. Fifteen female White New Zealand rabbits underwent blood sampling for the preparation of PRP. Samples were separated in two sterile tubes containing sodium citrate. Tubes were submitted to the double centrifugation protocol, with lid closed and 1600 revolutions per minute (rpm) for 10 minutes, resulting in the separation of red blood cells, plasma with platelets and leucocytes. After were opened and plasma was pipetted and transferred into another sterile tube. Plasma was centrifuged again at 2000rpm for 10 minutes; as a result it was split into two parts: on the top, consisting of platelet-poor plasma (PPP) and at the bottom of the platelet button. Part of the PPP was discarded so that only 1ml remained in the tube along with the platelet button. This material was gently agitated to promote platelets resuspension and activated when added 0.3ml of calcium gluconate, resulting in PRP gel. Double centrifugation protocol was able to make platelet concentration 3 times higher in relation to the initial blood sample. The volume of calcium gluconate used for platelet activation was 0.3ml, and was sufficient to coagulate the sample. Coagulation time ranged from 8 to 20 minutes, with an average of 17.6 minutes. Therefore, time of blood centrifugation until to obtain PRP gel took only 40 minutes. It was concluded that PRP was successfully obtained by double centrifugation protocol, which is able to increase the platelet concentration in the sample compared with whole blood, allowing its use in surgical procedures. Furthermore, the preparation time is appropriate to obtain PRP in just 40 minutes, and calcium gluconate is able to promote the activation of platelets