16 research outputs found
Impact du partenariat public-privé pour la délégation de gestion du service de l'eau d'irrigation. «Cas du projet El Guerdane dans la région du Souss-Massa»
Over the past decade, the use of the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) by the Moroccan Government has undergone remarkable development in many activity sectors, particularly, infrastructure, agriculture, energy, ports, transportation... etc. This type of partnership in the irrigation sector was initiated in 2005 and concerned the El Guerdane project in the Souss-Massa area. This project commissioning started in 2009; the irrigation of this perimeter was essentially based on pumping water from the aquifer. In addition, the importance of water withdrawals, given the scarcity of inputs, has led to a continuous decline in the water table levels (from 1.5 to 2 m /year). At this rate, the medium and the long term future of the 10,000 ha of citrus was seriously threatened. As a result, the idea of safeguarding this sector came up and was undertaken by the Government. The project to safeguard the citrus-growing area of El Guerdane consists of an annual volume of water transfer estimated to 45 million m3 from the Aoulouz-Chakoukane dam to irrigate 10 000 ha of plantations in the the projectâs area. Since the commissioning of the El Guerdane project, the Moroccan Government has continued to implement similar projects all over the country. Unfortunately, the Government did not benefit from the return on experience based on completed projectsâ assessment in order to come out with corrective measures that could have been adopted either within the programâs framework or switch for other types of partnership. In this research, we went through several aspects to evaluate the impact of this public-private partnership program. Accordingly, these aspects concern the financial and the agronomic valorization of irrigation water, the farmers' net income, the technical efficiency of farms and the technical and economic efficiency of the use of irrigation water. In order to study the projectâs impact on the aspects already mentioned, we have selected and defined a control perimeter that did not benefit from this program (the Issen perimeter). In addition, we defined a representative sample to avoid the exogenous factorsâ effect on our results (the propensity score matching method). Our sample was selected using the software R.3.1.0 and SPSS 23. Furthermore, the impact evaluation was carried out by the double difference method. In this work, we have been interested in qualitative aspect related to the regulation of the El Guerdane project that has been realized in the form of public-private partnership thanks to the interviews carried out with the different actors of this project (farmers, private partner, Government, Regional Office of Agricultural Development, etc.). The estimation of the scores related to the different types of efficiency was carried out using the FRONTIER 4.1 software by choosing a stochastic parametric model and by using a functional Translog form. The analysis of the irrigation water valorization determinants was carried out using an ordinary regression model by the GRETL software, while the analysis of the determinants of the efficiency scores was carried out by a Tobit model using the same software to take into consideration the truncated criterion of the dependent variable. The survey concerned 130 citrus growers in both perimeters studied. For the El Guerdane perimeter, the financial valorization increased from a negative level of -0.637 DH /m3 in 2009 to a positive level of 2.19 DH /m3 in 2016. The agronomic valuation level has improved in the El Guerdane perimeter from 2.59 Kg / m3 in 2009 to 3.65 Kg/m3 in 2016. In 2009, water price and farm size are positively correlated with the level of irrigation water valorization, while the participation in the public-private partnership program is negatively correlated with this aspect (irrigation water valorization). In 2016 only the farmsâ size impacts the irrigation water valorization in both perimeters. This partnership program was able to improve the financial valorization of irrigation water by 2.1 Dh / m3, the agronomic valorization by 1.05 Kg / m3 and the farmers net income by 10 902 Dh / ha. The farms technical efficiency is affected only by their areas in 2009 and 2016. The technical efficiency of irrigation water use is positively impacted by farm size and negatively impacted by the public-private partnership program in 2009; also, the technical efficiency of irrigation water use is negatively correlated to water price in 2016. The economic efficiency of irrigation water use is negatively correlated to the participation in the public-private partnership program in the year of 2009. However, it was negatively impacted by the water price in 2016 and positively impacted by the partnership program in the same year. The project monitoring shows that during the exploitation years ,all the indicators maintain a positive trend resulting in a record level for some of them such as the volumes taken and distributed to the users. Despite the negative impact of the public-private partnership program on several aspects, in 2009 or in 2016, the social cost of the El Guerdane project remains a significant component that could justify the use of this type of collaboration. Therefore, the use of this mode of management for the irrigation water service will be more relevant if the aspect of the technical supervision of the farmers is taken over by the private partner.Au cours de la derniĂšre dĂ©cennie, le recours par le Maroc aux partenariats public-privĂ© a connu un dĂ©veloppement remarquable dans de nombreux secteurs dâactivitĂ© notamment ceux des infrastructures, de lâagriculture, de lâĂ©nergie, des ports, du transport, etc. Ce mode de collaboration dans le secteur de lâirrigation a Ă©tĂ© lancĂ©, pour la premiĂšre fois au Maroc, en 2005 et concernait le projet El Guerdane dans la rĂ©gion du Souss-Massa. La mise en service dudit projet date de 2009. Lâirrigation de ce pĂ©rimĂštre reposait essentiellement sur le pompage Ă partir de la nappe. Par consĂ©quent, lâimportance des prĂ©lĂšvements en eau, devant la raretĂ© des apports, a conduit Ă une baisse continue du niveau de la nappe (1,5 Ă 2 m/an). A ce rythme, lâavenir de 10 000 ha dâagrumes se trouvait menacĂ© Ă moyen et Ă long terme. Câest ainsi que lâidĂ©e de sauvegarde de ce secteur a Ă©tĂ© initiĂ©e par lâEtat. Ce projet de sauvegarde de la zone agrumicole dâEl Guerdane consiste en un transfert dâun volume annuel dâeau de 45 millions de m3 Ă partir du complexe de barrages Aoulouz-Chakoukane au profit de 10 000 ha de plantations dans la zone du projet. Le coĂ»t de ce projet sâĂ©levait Ă plus de 980 MDH. Depuis la mise en service du projet El Guerdane, lâEtat continue Ă lancer dâautres projets dans le cadre de ce programme de partenariat sans aucune Ă©valuation des projets achevĂ©s afin de capitaliser sur les expĂ©riences et apporter des mesures correctives dans le cadre du mĂȘme programme, ou, le cas Ă©chĂ©ant, opter pour dâautres modes de partenariat. Dans le prĂ©sent travail, nous nous sommes intĂ©ressĂ©s Ă plusieurs aspects pour Ă©valuer lâimpact de ce programme de partenariat public-privĂ©. Ces aspects concernent la valorisation financiĂšre et agronomique de lâeau dâirrigation, la marge nette des agriculteurs, lâefficacitĂ© technique des exploitations agricoles ainsi que lâefficacitĂ© technique et Ă©conomique de lâutilisation de lâeau dâirrigation. Afin dâanalyser fidĂšlement lâimpact du projet sur les aspects citĂ©s, nous Ă©tions dans lâobligation de choisir et dĂ©finir un pĂ©rimĂštre tĂ©moin ne bĂ©nĂ©ficiant pas de ce programme (le pĂ©rimĂštre Issen) et dâutiliser une mĂ©thode dâĂ©chantillonnage trĂšs prĂ©cise afin de contourner lâeffet des facteurs exogĂšnes sur les rĂ©sultats (la mĂ©thode dâappariement par score de propension). La mĂ©thode dâĂ©chantillonnage est effectuĂ©e Ă lâaide des logiciels R.3.1.0 et SPSS 23 et lâĂ©valuation dâimpact est rĂ©alisĂ©e par la mĂ©thode de double diffĂ©rence. Aussi, nous nous sommes intĂ©ressĂ©s dans le prĂ©sent travail Ă un aspect qualitatif relatif Ă la rĂ©gulation du projet El Guerdane rĂ©alisĂ© sous forme de partenariat public-privĂ© grĂące aux entretiens effectuĂ©s avec les diffĂ©rents acteurs de ce projet (usagers, partenaire privĂ©, Etat, Office RĂ©gional de Mise en Valeur Agricole, etc.). Lâestimation des scores des diffĂ©rents types dâefficacitĂ© est effectuĂ©e par le logiciel FRONTIER 4.1 en choisissant un modĂšle paramĂ©trique stochastique et en utilisant une forme fonctionnelle Translog. Lâanalyse des dĂ©terminants de la valorisation de lâeau dâirrigation est effectuĂ©e en utilisant un modĂšle de rĂ©gression ordinaire par le logiciel GRETL , tandis que lâanalyse des dĂ©terminants des scores des efficacitĂ©s est effectuĂ©e par un modĂšle Tobit en utilisant le mĂȘme logiciel dans le but de prendre en considĂ©ration le critĂšre tronquĂ© de la variable dĂ©pendante. LâenquĂȘte du terrain a concernĂ© 130 agrumiculteurs dans les deux pĂ©rimĂštres Ă©tudiĂ©s. La valorisation financiĂšre est passĂ©e, pour le pĂ©rimĂštre El Guerdane dâun niveau nĂ©gatif en 2009 estimĂ© Ă -0, 637 Dh/m3 Ă un niveau positif de 2,19 Dh/m3 en 2016. Pour la valorisation agronomique, on constate aussi que son niveau a connu une amĂ©lioration dans le pĂ©rimĂštre El Guerdane en passant de 2,59 Kg/m3 en 2009 Ă 3,65 Kg/m3 en 2016. En 2009, le tarif de lâeau et la taille des exploitations sont corrĂ©lĂ©s positivement avec le niveau de la valorisation de lâeau dâirrigation, tandis que la participation au programme de partenariat public-privĂ© est corrĂ©lĂ©e nĂ©gativement avec cet aspect. Pour lâannĂ©e 2016 seule la taille des exploitations impacte la valorisation de lâeau dâirrigation dans les deux pĂ©rimĂštres. Ce programme de collaboration a pu amĂ©liorer la valorisation financiĂšre de lâeau dâirrigation de 2,1 Dh/m3, la valorisation agronomique de 1,05 Kg/m3 et la marge nette de 10 902 Dh/ha. LâefficacitĂ© technique des exploitations est affectĂ©e uniquement par leurs superficies aussi bien en 2009 quâen 2016. LâefficacitĂ© technique de lâutilisation de lâeau dâirrigation est impactĂ©e positivement par la taille des exploitations et nĂ©gativement par le programme de partenariat public-privĂ© en 2009 et elle est corrĂ©lĂ©e nĂ©gativement avec le tarif de lâeau en 2016. Concernant lâefficacitĂ© Ă©conomique de lâutilisation de lâeau dâirrigation, en 2009 elle est corrĂ©lĂ©e nĂ©gativement avec la participation au programme de partenariat public-privĂ© et en 2016 elle est impactĂ©e nĂ©gativement par le tarif de lâeau et positivement par le programme de partenariat. Le suivi du projet montre quâau cours des annĂ©es de son exploitation, tous les indicateurs continuent leur Ă©volution croissante; certains ont mĂȘme atteint un niveau record, notamment les volumes prĂ©levĂ©s et distribuĂ©s aux usagers. MalgrĂ© lâimpact nĂ©gatif du programme de partenariat public-privĂ© sur plusieurs aspects soit en 2009 ou en 2016, le coĂ»t social du projet El Guerdane reste une composante non nĂ©gligeable pouvant justifier le recours Ă ce mode de collaboration. Par consĂ©quent, le recours Ă ce mode de gestion pour le service de lâeau dâirrigation sera plus pertinent si lâaspect de lâencadrement technique des bĂ©nĂ©ficiaires est pris en charge par le partenaire privĂ©
Wich impacts of public-private partnership on the farms and valorization of irrigation water ? ââCase of El Guerdane project in Moroccoââ
peer reviewedLe Partenariat Public-Privé (PPP) en irrigation est un mode de collaboration et de gouvernance qui
permet Ă lâEtat de confier Ă une entreprise privĂ©e la conception, le financement, la construction,
lâexploitation et la maintenance des Ă©quipements dâirrigation. Le recours Ă ce mode de collaboration
dans le domaine de lâirrigation par le Maroc a Ă©tĂ© initiĂ© en 2005 dans le cadre du projet El Guerdane et
dont lâobjectif Ă©tait de sauvegarder un pĂ©rimĂštre agrumicole de 10 000 ha. Le but de ce travail de
recherche est, dâune part lâĂ©valuation de lâimpact du partenariat public-privĂ© sur la marge nette des
agrumiculteurs et sur la valorisation financiĂšre et agronomique de lâeau dâirrigation et dâautre part
lâanalyse des dĂ©terminants de ces deux types de valorisation de lâeau. La mĂ©thode dâĂ©chantillonnage
utilisĂ©e est celle de lâappariement par score de propension (ASP) effectuĂ©e par les logiciels R3.1.0 et
SPSS 23. LâĂ©valuation dâimpact du partenariat public-privĂ© sur la marge nette et sur la valorisation de
lâeau a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e par la mĂ©thode de double diffĂ©rence (MDD). Lâanalyse des dĂ©terminants choisis
sur la base des différents groupes cibles réalisés avec les agriculteurs sur le terrain, a été effectuée par
le logiciel GRETL en utilisant un modĂšle de rĂ©gression ordinaire. Lâimpact moyen du partenariat
public-privé est 2,1 Dh/m³ sur la valorisation financiÚre, 1,05 Kg/m³ sur la valorisation agronomique
et 10 902 Dh/ha sur la marge nette des agrumiculteurs. Le mode de gouvernance de partenariat publicprivé
et le niveau de lâencadrement ont un impact positif sur la valorisation financiĂšre et agronomique
de lâeau dâirrigation ainsi que sur la marge nette des agrumiculteurs, et ce pour la majoritĂ© des
exploitations enquĂȘtĂ©es. Au vu de ces rĂ©sultats, le volet de lâencadrement technique et son impact sur
le niveau de la valorisation de lâeau agricole reste une piste de rĂ©flexion qui mĂ©rite dâĂȘtre approfondie
Les Partenariats Public-Privé: Fondement théorique et analyse économique
The Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is globally recognized as a common style of management, especially in the sectors of trans-portation, public services and community facilities. The interests of this partnership approach reside in the off-budget financing for the public partner, in the private partnersâ high rate of return, in the reduced completion deadlines of the projects, and finally in the availability and quality of the public service provided. The economic theory sees in PPPs many advantages and disadvantages related not only to the partnership, but also to the nature of the public-private relationship that is considered as a particular relation-ship. In this article, we analyze in the first part the main theoretical foundations in which the Public Private Partnership (PPP) is inserted, then, we present the assumptions and the principles of each theory. In the second part, we present an economic analysis of this partnership approach while going through its advantages, disadvantages, and potential paths to address its limitations.Keywords: Public-Private Partnership, Theoretical foundations of PPP, Economic analysis of PPP.Le PPP reste un mode de gestion courant dans le monde, notamment dans les secteurs du transport, des services publics et des Ă©quipements collectifs. Les intĂ©rĂȘts de ce mode de partenariat rĂ©sident dans le financement hors budget pour le partenaire public, le taux de rentabilitĂ© Ă©levĂ© pour le partenaire privĂ©, les dĂ©lais de rĂ©alisation rĂ©duits des projets inscrits dans le cadre de ce mode de collaboration et dans la disponibilitĂ© et la qualitĂ© du service public fourni. La thĂ©orie Ă©conomique voit dans les PPP des avan-tages et inconvĂ©nients liĂ©s non seulement au partenariat, mais aussi Ă la nature de la relation public-privĂ©e qui est considĂ©rĂ©e comme une relation particuliĂšre. Dans cet article, nous analysons, dans une premiĂšre partie, les principaux fondements thĂ©oriques dans lesquels sâinsĂšrent le Partenariat Public-PrivĂ© (PPP) et nous prĂ©sentons les hypothĂšses et les principes de chaque courant thĂ©orique. Dans la deuxiĂšme partie du prĂ©sent article, nous prĂ©sentons une analyse Ă©conomique de ce mode de partenariat tout en prĂ©sentant ses avantage, ses inconvĂ©nients et les pistes potentiels pour faire face aux limites de cette approche partenariale.Mots clĂ©s: Partenariat Public-PrivĂ©, Fondement thĂ©orique du PPP, Analyse Ă©conomique du PPP
The dynamism of the red berries sector and its implication on water resources in the Loukkos region of Morocco
La filiĂšre marocaine des fruits rouges a connu un essor consistant durant la derniĂšre dĂ©cennie, soutenue par la stratĂ©gie nationale agricole et tractĂ©e par lâexpansion de la demande sur les marchĂ©s internationaux. Cependant, lâĂ©volution quâa enregistrĂ©e la production marocaine interpelle sur la pĂ©rennitĂ© et la bonne gestion des ressources hydriques. Cette Ă©tude vise Ă Ă©valuer les implications du systĂšme de production des fruits rouges en matiĂšre dâutilisation et de valorisation de lâeau dâirrigation. Pour y rĂ©pondre, nous avons calculĂ© la valorisation financiĂšre et agronomique de lâeau, correspondant respectivement au rapport de la marge bĂ©nĂ©ficiaire nette et de la production totale sur le volume dâeau apportĂ©e. Les donnĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© collectĂ©es sur le terrain moyennant un Ă©chantillonnage alĂ©atoire et simple dans le pĂ©rimĂštre du Loukkos sur 93 exploitations de fruits rouges. Au niveau de la valorisation financiĂšre, la myrtille affiche une rentabilitĂ© de 67,3 DH/mÂł dâeau, expliquĂ©e principalement par son prix Ă©levĂ©, suivie de la framboise avec 54,2 DH/mÂł puis de la fraise avec 12,4 DH/mÂł dâeau. A lâinverse, la valorisation agronomique est plus importante chez la fraise avec 7,12 Kg/mÂł, suivie de la framboise avec 3,35 Kg/mÂł puis de la myrtille Ă 1,96 Kg/mÂł. Cet article met lâaccent sur les points cruciaux de la filiĂšre tels que la durabilitĂ© de lâapport hydrique, la disponibilitĂ© de la main dâĆuvre qualifiĂ©e et le foncier. Il prĂ©conise Ă©galement la conquĂȘte dâautres marchĂ©s dâexport et la mise aux normes nationales des produits destinĂ©s Ă aux marchĂ©s internationaux.
Mots-clĂ©s: Fruits rouges, valorisation de lâeau, productivitĂ© de lâeau, Loukkos, Irrigation.The Moroccan red fruits sector has grown steadily over the last decade, supported by the national agricultural strategy and pulled by the expansion of demand in the international markets. However, the evolution recorded by Moroccan production calls into question the sustainability and good management of water resources. This study aims to evaluate the implications of the red fruits production system for the use and valorization of irrigation water. For this purpose, we calculate the financial and agronomic valorization of water, corresponding respectively to the ratio of the net profit margin and the total production on the volume of water supplied. Data were collected in the field through random and simple sampling in the region of Loukkos on 93 farms producing the red berries. In terms of financial valorization, the blueberry has a profitability of 67.3 DH/mÂł of water, explained mainly by its high price, followed by raspberry with 54.2 DH/mÂł and strawberry with 12.4 DH/mÂł of water. Conversely, the agronomic valorization is higher for strawberries with 7.12 Kg / mÂł, followed by raspberry with 3.35 Kg/mÂł and blueberry with 1.96 Kg/mÂł. This article discusses the crucial points of the sector such as the sustainability of water supply, the availability of qualified labor and land issues. It also advocates the search of other international markets and setting up national standards for products for export.
Key words: Red berries, water valorization, water productivity, Loukkos, irrigation
La régulation du partenariat public-privé en irrigation: Cas du projet El Guerdane dans la région du Souss-Massa
The use of public-private partnership in the field of irrigation by Morocco was initiated in 2005 within the framework of the El Guerdane project whose objective is to safeguard a citrus area of 10,000 ha. The purpose of this research is to describe the role of the Department of Agriculture as delegating authority and the organization of the service responsible for monitoring and regulation of public-private partnership projects, the various risks associated with this partnership project and its various performance indicators. Also, a comparison between the El Guerdane and Issen perimeters in terms of regulation was carried out. The methodology followed was based on interviews with the various stakeholders of the project. This analysis shows that the project has developed effective means to control, monitor and regulate the project upstream and downstream. Indeed, it has set up at the level of the delegating authority a service exclusively dedicated to this control and downstream of a commission that meets annually or sit representatives of beneficiaries. In terms of governance performance, the private partner has assumed part of the investment and operating risks to ensure the sustainability of the irrigation tool. Also, the quality of the water service has been improved, the availability of water resources has become better and is based on demand, and the cost of the service of irrigation water is borne by the users. Which made it possible to avoid transfers from the state budget (annual subsidies) for additional maintenance or the need for rehabilitation. However, the delegation of a water service should not be limited to the setting up of a commercial and contractual irrigation water distribution system, but rather establish a system of advice to provide farmers with the necessary services. Technical messages to better manage irrigation water and their production system to meet the requirements of this new management method.
Keywords: Public-Private Partnership, irrigation, regulationLe recours au partenariat public-privĂ© dans le domaine de lâirrigation par le Maroc a Ă©tĂ© initiĂ© 2005 dans le cadre du projet El Guerdane dont lâobjectif est de sauvegarder un pĂ©rimĂštre agrumicole de 10 000 ha. Lâobjectif de cet article est de dĂ©crire le rĂŽle du dĂ©partement de lâAgriculture en tant quâautoritĂ© dĂ©lĂ©gante et lâorganisation du service chargĂ© du suivi et de la rĂ©gulation des projets de partenariat public-privĂ©, les diffĂ©rents risques liĂ©s Ă ce projet de partenariat et ses diffĂ©rents indicateurs de performance. Aussi, une comparaison entre les pĂ©rimĂštres El Guerdane et Issen en matiĂšre de rĂ©gulation a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e. La mĂ©thodologie suivie sâest basĂ©e sur les entretiens rĂ©alisĂ©s avec les diffĂ©rentes parties prenantes du projet. Il ressort de cette analyse que le projet sâest dotĂ© de moyens efficaces pour assurer le contrĂŽle, le suivi et la rĂ©gulation du projet en amont et en aval. En effet, il sâest dotĂ© en amont au niveau de lâautoritĂ© dĂ©lĂ©gante dâun service exclusivement dĂ©diĂ© Ă ce contrĂŽle et en aval dâune commission qui se rĂ©unie annuellement ou siĂšgent les reprĂ©sentants des bĂ©nĂ©ficiaires.En matiĂšre des performances de gouvernance, le partenaire privĂ© a pris en charge une partie des risques dâinvestissement et dâexploitation pour assurer la pĂ©rennitĂ© de lâoutil dâirrigation. Aussi, la qualitĂ© du service de lâeau a Ă©tĂ© amĂ©liorĂ©e, la disponibilitĂ© de la ressource en eau est devenue meilleure et repose sur la demande, le coĂ»t du service de lâeau dâirrigation est pris en charge par les usagers, ce qui a permis dâĂ©viter les transferts du budget de lâEtat (subventions annuelles) pour la maintenance complĂ©mentaire ou le besoin de rĂ©habilitation. Cependant, la dĂ©lĂ©gation dâun service de lâeau ne doit pas se limiter Ă la mise en place dâun dispositif commercial et contractuel de distribution dâeau dâirrigation, mais plutĂŽt instaurer un systĂšme de conseil pour prodiguer aux agriculteurs les messages techniques permettant de gĂ©rer au mieux lâeau dâirrigation et leur systĂšme de production pour faire face aux exigences de ce nouveau mode de gestion. Mots clĂ©s: Partenariat Public-PrivĂ©, irrigation, rĂ©gulatio
Regulation of public-private partnership in irrigation: Case of El Guerdane project in the Souss-Massa area
The use of public-private partnership in the field of irrigation by Morocco was initiated in 2005 within the framework of the El Guerdane project whose objective is to safeguard a citrus area of 10,000 ha. The purpose of this research is to describe the role of the Department of Agriculture as delegating authority and the organization of the service responsible for monitoring and regulation of public-private partnership projects, the various risks associated with this partnership project and its various performance indicators. Also, a comparison between the El Guerdane and Issen perimeters in terms of regulation was carried out. The methodology followed was based on interviews with the various stakeholders of the project. This analysis shows that the project has developed effective means to control, monitor and regulate the project upstream and downstream. Indeed, it has set up at the level of the delegating authority a service exclusively dedicated to this control and downstream of a commission that meets annually or sit representatives of beneficiaries. In terms of governance performance, the private partner has assumed part of the investment and operating risks to ensure the sustainability of the irrigation tool. Also, the quality of the water service has been improved, the availability of water resources has become better and is based on demand, and the cost of the service of irrigation water is borne by the users. Which made it possible to avoid transfers from the state budget (annual subsidies) for additional maintenance or the need for rehabilitation. However, the delegation of a water service should not be limited to the setting up of a commercial and contractual irrigation water distribution system, but rather establish a system of advice to provide farmers with the necessary services. Technical messages to better manage irrigation water and their production system to meet the requirements of this new management method
Le mode de gestion du service de lâeau dâirrigation : Un dĂ©terminant de lâefficacitĂ© technique des exploitations agrumicoles du pĂ©rimĂštre de Souss-Massa au Maroc
peer reviewedLa reÌgion du Souss-Massa, connue par la culture agrumicole aÌ haute valeur ajouteÌe, est confronteÌe au probleÌme de mobilisation des ressources en eau. Depuis le deÌbut de lâanneÌe 2000, la nappe du peÌrimeÌtre de la reÌgion a atteint la limite de son potentiel renouvelable Cette situation a inciteÌ le gouvernement marocain aÌ reÌaliser un projet de sauvegarde du peÌrimeÌtre El Guerdane situeÌ dans cette reÌgion. Ce projet, lanceÌ en 2005, a eÌteÌ reÌaliseÌ dans le cadre du Partenariat Public-PriveÌ avec un partenaire en charge de la conception et la construction et qui veille aÌ lâexploitation et aÌ la maintenance depuis la mise en eau en 2009. Pour le peÌrimeÌtre dâIssen, situeÌ dans la meÌme reÌgion, les agriculteurs souffrent du meÌme probleÌme de mobilisation des ressources en eau et il est toujours geÌreÌ par lâOffice ReÌgional de Mise en Valeur Agricole du Souss-Massa (ORMVASM). Lâobjectif de cet article est dâeÌtudier lâeffet du mode de gestion du service de lâeau dâirrigation (Partenariat public-priveÌ et gestion publique) sur lâefficaciteÌ technique des exploitations agrumicoles dans les deux peÌrimeÌtres. Lâestimation de la frontieÌre de production et les scores de lâefficaciteÌ technique a eÌteÌ reÌaliseÌe aÌ partir des donneÌes collecteÌes sur le terrain dâun eÌchantillon de 121 exploitations agrumicoles situeÌes dans les deux peÌrimeÌtres. La variabiliteÌ de ces scores dâefficaciteÌ technique est deÌtermineÌe par plusieurs facteurs notamment la participation au Programme de Partenariat Public-PriveÌ (PPP) et lâadheÌsion aÌ des coopeÌratives agricoles. Lâestimation de la frontieÌre de production et les scores de lâefficaciteÌ technique ont eÌteÌ effectueÌs par le logiciel FRONTIER 4.1, lâanalyse de lâefficaciteÌ a eÌteÌ reÌaliseÌe aÌ lâaide du logiciel GRETL en utilisant un modeÌle Tobit
Regulation of public-private partnership in irrigation. «Case of El Guerdane project in the Souss-Massa area»
The use of public-private partnership in the field of irrigation by Morocco was initiated in 2005 within the framework of the El Guerdane project whose objective is to safeguard a citrus area of 10,000 ha. The purpose of this research is to describe the role of the Department of Agriculture as delegating authority and the organization of the service responsible for monitoring and regulation of public-private partnership projects, the various risks associated with this partnership project and its various performance indicators. Also, a comparison between the El Guerdane and Issen perimeters in terms of regulation was carried out. The methodology followed was based on interviews with the various stakeholders of the project. This analysis shows that the project has developed effective means to control, monitor and regulate the project upstream and downstream. Indeed, it has set up at the level of the delegating authority a service exclusively dedicated to this control and downstream of a commission that meets annually or sit representatives of beneficiaries. In terms of governance performance, the private partner has assumed part of the investment and operating risks to ensure the sustainability of the irrigation tool. Also, the quality of the water service has been improved, the availability of water resources has become better and is based on demand, and the cost of the service of irrigation water is borne by the users. Which made it possible to avoid transfers from the state budget (annual subsidies) for additional maintenance or the need for rehabilitation. However, the delegation of a water service should not be limited to the setting up of a commercial and contractual irrigation water distribution system, but rather establish a system of advice to provide farmers with the necessary services. Technical messages to better manage irrigation water and their production system to meet the requirements of this new management method.Le recours au partenariat public-privĂ© dans le domaine de lâirrigation par le Maroc a Ă©tĂ© initiĂ© 2005 dans le cadre du projet El Guerdane dont lâobjectif est de sauvegarder un pĂ©rimĂštre agrumicole de 10 000 ha. Lâobjectif de cet article est de dĂ©crire le rĂŽle du dĂ©partement de lâAgriculture en tant quâautoritĂ© dĂ©lĂ©gante et lâorganisation du service chargĂ© du suivi et de la rĂ©gulation des projets de partenariat public-privĂ©, les diffĂ©rents risques liĂ©s Ă ce projet de partenariat et ses diffĂ©rents indicateurs de performance. Aussi, une comparaison entre les pĂ©rimĂštres El Guerdane et Issen en matiĂšre de rĂ©gulation a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e. La mĂ©thodologie suivie sâest basĂ©e sur les entretiens rĂ©alisĂ©s avec les diffĂ©rentes parties prenantes du projet. Il ressort de cette analyse que le projet sâest dotĂ© de moyens efficaces pour assurer le contrĂŽle, le suivi et la rĂ©gulation du projet en amont et en aval. En effet, il sâest dotĂ© en amont au niveau de lâautoritĂ© dĂ©lĂ©gante dâun service exclusivement dĂ©diĂ© Ă ce contrĂŽle et en aval dâune commission qui se rĂ©unie annuellement ou siĂšgent les reprĂ©sentants des bĂ©nĂ©ficiaires. En matiĂšre des performances de gouvernance, le partenaire privĂ© a pris en charge une partie des risques dâinvestissement et dâexploitation pour assurer la pĂ©rennitĂ© de lâoutil dâirrigation. Aussi, la qualitĂ© du service de lâeau a Ă©tĂ© amĂ©liorĂ©e, la disponibilitĂ© de la ressource en eau est devenue meilleure et repose sur la demande, le coĂ»t du service de lâeau dâirrigation est pris en charge par les usagers, ce qui a permis dâĂ©viter les transferts du budget de lâEtat (subventions annuelles) pour la maintenance complĂ©mentaire ou le besoin de rĂ©habilitation. Cependant, la dĂ©lĂ©gation dâun service de lâeau ne doit pas se limiter Ă la mise en place dâun dispositif commercial et contractuel de distribution dâeau dâirrigation, mais plutĂŽt instaurer un systĂšme de conseil pour prodiguer aux agriculteurs les messages techniques permettant de gĂ©rer au mieux lâeau dâirrigation et leur systĂšme de production pour faire face aux exigences de ce nouveau mode de gestion
The Public-Private Partnership in Irrigation: What is the Impact on the Technical Efficiency of Citrus Farms in the Souss-Massa Region?
peer reviewedThe Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is a cooperative arrangement that allows the Government to entrust to a private company some public facilities or incorporeal investments from conception to management for a specific period. In the irrigation sector, this type of partnership appeared in 2005 and concerned the El Guerdane project in the Souss-Massa area. Since then, the Government has continued to implement other projects all over the country. However, the existing literature consulted allowed us to identify a significant deficit in the evaluation and the impact of such projects on farm performance as well as the use of water resources. The aim of this research is to evaluate the impact of two irrigation modes related to water service management on the technical performance of citrus farms, which are in our case the PPP mode adopted in the El Guerdane project and the conventional mode whose management is entrusted to a public institution. The selected sample includes 120 farms located in the two perimeters of El Guerdane and Issen. Apart from the fact that Issen perimeter is managed by the Regional Office for Agricultural Development of Souss-Mass, the two perimeters have similar pedo-climatic conditions of production mainly because of their proximity. In addition, the citrus growers in both areas adopt the same production technology. The farms in our sample were selected using the propensity score matching method, and the estimation of efficiency scores was performed using the parametric stochastic frontier approach to the production by the Frontier 4.1 software. The results revealed that technical efficiency scores range from 16% to 92% for all farms selected in our sample. The average technical efficiency is 68%. Basically, this result demonstrates that there is still room for increased production without additional input from factors of production including irrigation water. Furthermore, the determinants analysis shows that El Guerdaneâs farms are relatively more technically efficient than Issenâs farms. Also, It has been found that membership of professional organizations contributes to the improvement of technical efficiency. In view of these results, it is recommended that the agricultural council structures intensify their support by targeting the least efficient farms. Keywords : Public-Private Partnership, Irrigation, Technical efficiency, El Guerdane project
Public-Private Partnerships: theoretical foundation and economic analysis
The Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is globally recognized as a common style of management, especially in the following sectors: transportation, public services and community facilities. The interests of this partnership approach reside in the off-budget financing for the public partner, in the private partnersâ high rate of return, in the reduced completion deadlines of the projects, and finally in the availability and quality of the public service provided. The economic theory sees in PPPs many advantages and disadvantages related not only to the partnership, but also to the nature of the public-private relationship that is considered as a particular relationship. In this article, we analyze in the first part the main theoretical foundations in which the Public Private Partnership (PPP) is inserted, then, we present the assumptions and the principles of each theory. In the second part, we present an economic analysis of this partnership approach while going through its advantages, disadvantages, and potential paths to address its limitations.Le PPP reste un mode de gestion courant dans le monde, notamment dans les secteurs du transport, des services publics et des Ă©quipements collectifs. Les intĂ©rĂȘts de ce mode de partenariat rĂ©sident dans le financement hors budget pour le partenaire public, le taux de rentabilitĂ© Ă©levĂ© pour le partenaire privĂ©, les dĂ©lais de rĂ©alisation rĂ©duits des projets inscrits dans le cadre de ce mode de collaboration et dans la disponibilitĂ© et la qualitĂ© du service public fourni. La thĂ©orie Ă©conomique voit dans les PPP des avantages et inconvĂ©nients liĂ©s non seulement au partenariat, mais aussi Ă la nature de la relation public-privĂ©e qui est considĂ©rĂ©e comme une relation particuliĂšre. Dans cet article, nous analysons, dans une premiĂšre partie, les principaux fondements thĂ©oriques dans lesquels sâinsĂšrent le Partenariat Public-PrivĂ© (PPP) et nous prĂ©sentons les hypothĂšses et les principes de chaque courant thĂ©orique. Dans la deuxiĂšme partie du prĂ©sent article, nous prĂ©sentons une analyse Ă©conomique de ce mode de partenariat tout en prĂ©sentant ses avantage, ses inconvĂ©nients et les pistes potentiels pour faire face aux limites de cette approche partenariale