Analysis of flavour compounds and prediction of sensory properties in sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) berries

The aim of this study was to investigate sugars, organic acids, flavonol glycosides (FGs), proanthocyanidins and volatiles as flavour compounds in sea buckthorn (SB) berries of five cultivars and to predict the sensory properties of berries. The profiles of flavour compounds in SB berries varied significantly among the cultivars. Total proanthocyanidins and FGs were highest in 'Pertsik' and 'Raisa', respectively. Total volatiles were highest in 'Vorobyevskaya' and lowest in 'Raisa'. A previously established PLS model was used to predict the sensory properties of SB berries based on the non-volatile flavour compounds. The mouth-drying astringency can be predicted the most reliably, which has the highest regression coefficients with quinic acid, isorhamnetin-3-O-sophoroside-7-O-rhamnoside and total proanthocyanidins. Bitterness cannot be predicted using the model. 'Pertsik' berries were predicted to be more mouth-drying astringency and sour than those of 'Raisa'. The research supports the cultivar selection in cultivation and industry of SB berries

Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of tea-type infusions processed from sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides) leaves

Sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides, SB) leaves contain wide-ranging bioactive compounds. Processing of the leaves into beverages/food presents great potential for supporting human health. The research aimed to investigate the impact of different processing methods on phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of tea type infusions prepared from SB leaves. Leaves of two SB cultivars, ‘Terhi’ and ‘Tytti’, were processed with different methods commonly used for tea processing. Phenolic compounds in the infusions were analyzed with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode-Array Detection and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside-7-O-rhamnoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside and kaempferol-3-O-hexoside-7-O-rhamnoside were the three major flavonol glycosides, stachyurin and casuarinin were the most abundant ellagitannins. The infusions of ‘Tytti’ contained more total phenolics than those of ‘Terhi’ (p </p

Effects of Latitude and Weather Conditions on Proanthocyanidins in Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) of Finnish Commercial Cultivars

Blackcurrants of three Finnish commercial cultivars ‘Mortti’, ‘Ola’ and ‘Melalahti’ cultivated in southern and northern Finland were compared on the basis of the content and composition of proanthocyanidins (PAs). Seventeen B-type PA oligomers (degree of polymerization 2-5 and 7) were detected by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Total PAs, dimers, trimers and tetramers were quantified. Among the three cultivars, ‘Ola’ had the highest contents of both total PAs and PA oligomers. ‘Melalahti’ was separated from both ‘Mortti’ and ‘Ola’ by PA profiles in the partial least squares discriminant analysis model. All three cultivars revealed distinct responses to latitude and weather conditions. The content of total PAs showed a positive correlation to latitude in ‘Ola’ and ‘Melalahti’. Among the meteorological variables, high temperature and radiation correlated negatively with total PAs, while only specific variables showed a correlation with PA oligomers.</p

Efficacy of different treatment regimes against setariosis (Setaria tundra, Nematoda: Filarioidea) and associated peritonitis in reindeer

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>When a severe peritonitis outbreak in semi-domesticated reindeer was noticed in 2003 in Finland, the concerned industry urged immediate preventive actions in order to avoid detrimental effects of <it>S. tundra </it>and further economical losses. A research programme was swiftly initiated to study <it>S. tundra </it>and its impact on the health and wellbeing of reindeer.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The ultimate aim of this study was to test the efficacy of different treatment regimes against <it>S. tundra </it>and associated peritonitis in reindeer. The timing of the trials was planned to be compatible with the annual rhythm of the reindeer management; (1) the treatment of calves in midsummer, during routine calf ear marking, with ivermectin injection prophylaxis and deltamethrin pour-on solution as a repellent against insect vectors, (2) the treatment of infected calves in early autumn with ivermectin injection, and (3) ivermectin treatment of breeding reindeer in winter. The results were assessed using the post mortem inspection data and <it>S. tundra </it>detection. Finally, to evaluate on the population level the influence of the annual (late autumn-winter) ivermectin treatment of breeding reindeer on the transmission dynamics of <it>S. tundra</it>, a questionnaire survey was conducted.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In autumn, ivermectin treatment was efficient against peritonitis and in midsummer had a slight negative impact on the degree of peritonitis and positive on the fat layer, but deltamethrin had none. Ivermectin was efficient against adult <it>S. tundra </it>and its smf. All the reindeer herding cooperatives answered the questionnaire and it appeared that antiparasitic treatment of reindeer population was intense during the study period, when 64–90% of the animals were treated. In the southern part of the Finnish reindeer husbandry area, oral administration of ivermectin was commonly used.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Autumn, and to a lesser degree summer, treatment of reindeer calves with injectable ivermectin resulted in decreased severity of peritonitis and perihepatitis in reindeer calves due to setariosis. In the case of necessity for animal welfare reasons, treatment during early autumn round ups should be considered. On the population level, massive and routinely applied antiparasitic treatments can improve the health of breeding reindeer and decrease the mortality and the number of carriers but during the outbreak could not prevent its movement and expansion to the North.</p

Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe strains on chemical composition and sensory quality of ciders made from Finnish apple cultivars

Composition of volatile compounds and concentrations of sugars and organic acids were studied in apple ciders produced with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe yeasts using eleven different Finnish apple cultivars. Moreover, sensory quality of selected ciders was studied using check-all-that-apply test with untrained panelists. Seventy-seven volatile compounds were detected in the samples using HS-SPME-GC-MS. In general, the ciders had higher concentrations of higher alcohols, aldehydes, and acetals whereas the juices contained higher contents of C6-alcohols. Simultaneously, fermentation using S. pombe resulted in lower concentrations of malic acid, ethyl pentanoate, ethyl hexanoate, and volatile acids and higher concentrations of residual sugars compared to S. cerevisiae. Ciders made using S. cerevisiae were characterized as 'alcoholic' and 'yeasty' while S. pombe ciders were more frequently described as 'sweet', 'honey-like', and less rated as sour. Besides the strong effect by the yeasts, apple cultivars had significant effects on the compositional and sensorial properties of apple ciders

The future burden of lung cancer attributable to current modifiable behaviours: a pooled study of seven Australian cohorts

BACKGROUND: Knowledge of preventable disease and differences in disease burden can inform public health action to improve health and health equity. We quantified the future lung cancer burden preventable by behavioural modifications across Australia. METHODS: We pooled seven Australian cohort studies (n = 367 058) and linked them to national registries to identify lung cancers and deaths. We estimated population attributable fractions and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for modifiable risk factors, using risk estimates from the cohort data and risk factor exposure distribution from contemporary national health surveys. RESULTS: During the first 10-year follow-up, there were 2025 incident lung cancers and 20 349 deaths. Stopping current smoking could prevent 53.7% (95% CI, 50.0-57.2%) of lung cancers over 40 years and 18.3% (11.0-25.1%) in 10 years. The smoking-attributable burden is highest in males, those who smoke <20 cigarettes per day, are <75 years of age, unmarried, of lower educational attainment, live in remote areas or are healthy weight. Increasing physical activity and fruit consumption, if causal, could prevent 15.6% (6.9-23.4%) and 7.5% (1.3-13.3%) of the lung cancer burden, respectively. Jointly, the three behaviour modifications could prevent up to 63.0% (58.0-67.5%) of lung cancers in 40 years, and 31.2% (20.9-40.1%) or 43 300 cancers in 10 years. The preventable burden is highest among those with multiple risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking remains responsible for the highest burden of lung cancer in Australia. The uneven burden distribution distinguishes subgroups that could benefit the most from activities to control the world's deadliest cancer

Chemical composition, sensory profile and antioxidant capacity of low-alcohol strawberry beverages fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Torulaspora delbrueckii

There is an increasing demand by consumers for low-alcohol beverages with enhanced flavors and potential health benefits. This study evaluated the effects of cultivars and fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Torulaspora delbrueckii on the chemical composition, antioxidant capacity and sensory properties of low-alcohol strawberry beverages. Compared to juice, fermentation increased the contents of ethyl esters but reduced the contents of anthocyanins (~60%) and organic acids (~50%). The cultivar was the most important factor affecting the physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant capacity of fermented beverages. Among the cultivars, the beverages from the ‘Honeoye’ presented the highest sourness, opacity, redness and color density, total anthocyanins and phenolics, and antioxidant capacity but the lowest pungent aroma and ethanol content. Without added sugar, there was no significant difference in ethanol content between fermented beverages produced by S. cerevisiae and T. delbrueckii. Compared to S. cerevisiae, fermentation involving T. delbrueckii resulted in higher contents of anthocyanins and enhanced the color and flavor of the beverages. The results indicated that strawberry cultivars should be considered to produce fermented beverages with consistent physicochemical and sensory properties, and T. delbrueckii can be an alternative yeast for producing low-alcohol beverages from strawberries. </p

Associations between fruit and vegetable intake, leisure-time physical activity, sitting time and self-rated health among older adults : cross-sectional data from the WELL study

BackgroundLifestyle behaviours, such as healthy diet, physical activity and sedentary behaviour, are key elements of healthy ageing and important modifiable risk factors in the prevention of chronic diseases. Little is known about the relationship between these behaviours in older adults. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between fruit and vegetable (F&amp;V) intake, leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and sitting time (ST), and their association with self-rated health in older adults.MethodsThis cross-sectional study comprised 3,644 older adults (48% men) aged 55-65 years, who participated in the Wellbeing, Eating and Exercise for a Long Life (&quot;WELL&quot;) study. Respondents completed a postal survey about their health and their eating and physical activity behaviours in 2010 (38% response rate). Spearman\u27s coefficient (rho) was used to evaluate the relationship between F&amp;V intake, LTPA and ST. Their individual and shared associations with self-rated health were examined using ordinal logistic regression models, stratified by sex and adjusted for confounders (BMI, smoking, long-term illness and socio-demographic characteristics).ResultsThe correlations between F&amp;V intake, LTPA and ST were low. F&amp;V intake and LTPA were positively associated with self-rated health. Each additional serving of F&amp;V or MET-hour of LTPA were associated with approximately 10% higher likelihood of reporting health as good or better among women and men. The association between ST and self-rated health was not significant in the multivariate analysis. A significant interaction was found (ST*F&amp;V intake). The effect of F&amp;V intake on self-rated health increased with increasing ST in women, whereas the effect decreased with increasing ST in men.ConclusionThis study contributes to the scarce literature related to lifestyle behaviours and their association with health indicators among older adults. The findings suggest that a modest increase in F&amp;V intake, or LTPA could have a marked effect on the health of older adults. Further research is needed to fully understand the correlates and determinants of lifestyle behaviours, particularly sitting time, in this age group