Altered balance of helper T cells in Rai-/- mice

A number of immune related pathologies, such as autoimmune and allergic disorders, develop as the result of an imbalance among Th subsets. A Th1 bias has been consistently observed in autoimmunity both in man and in mouse, which has led to the notion that autoimmunity is a disease initiated by an abnormal polarization of CD4+ T cells towards the proinflammatory Th1 lineage. In addition to Th1 and Th2 cells, a third subset of effector Th cells producing IL-17 has recently been described and termed Th17. Th17 cells have been causally associated to the pathogenesis of human autoimmune diseases, of which multiple sclerosis is a striking example. Recent data have identified molecular adaptors as master regulators not only of T-cell activation, but also of Th cell development, highlighting these molecules as attractive targets for pharmacological manipulation. We have recently demonstrated that loss of Rai, a member of the Shc family expressed both in neuronal and in T cells, results in the development of systemic autoimmunity (Savino et al 2009). Since peripheral T cells from Rai -/- mice show an up-regulation of the Th17 cytokines we addressed the potential role of Rai in the signaling pathways controlling Th17 development and in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Our results indicate that Rai interferes with Th17 development by altering key steps of the signaling pathways triggered by TCR in combination with TGFβ and IL-6 and alter the severity of EAE disease

Delayed infection, family size and malignant lymphomas

BACKGROUND—The annual incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) is increasing by 3%-4% in different parts of the developed world. Excesses of NHL have been observed in populations exposed to immunosuppressants and to HIV, but these causes do not explain the increasing trends. It is suggested that delayed infection could explain NHL trends, through an impairment of the Th1/Th2 lymphocyte patterns.
METHODS—In a population-based study on 1388 patients with NHL, 354 with Hodgkin's disease (HD) and 1718 healthy controls, the age of first occurrence of bacterial and viral diseases was investigated. Clinical records were perused in one centre to check the anamnestic data.
FINDINGS—The age of occurrence of bacterial and viral diseases was significantly higher among NHL patients than in the controls. The association between later age at first bacterial or viral disease was limited to small families (OR= 1.95; 95% confidence intervals 1.26, 3.00, for age 4-8 at first infection; OR=1.91; 1.19, 3.06,( )for age 9+, compared with less than 4). The association was more obvious for bacterial diseases (possibly for the lower degree of misclassification). High grade lymphomas showed the strongest association. The later age of occurrence of bacterial or viral diseases in NHL patients is consistent with a higher incidence of lymphomas observed in higher social groups. No clear association was found between HD and age at first bacterial or viral diseases.
INTERPRETATION—It is proposed that delayed infection could explain the increasing NHL trends, through an impairment of the Th1/Th2 lymphocyte patterns. The model of delayed infection has been proposed also to explain increasing prevalence rates of asthma.