Use of a laser-induced fluorescence thermal imaging system for film cooling heat transfer measurement

This paper describes a novel approach based on fluorescence imaging of thermographic phosphor that enables the simultaneous determination of both local film effectiveness and local heat transfer on a film-cooled surface. The film cooling model demonstrated consists of a single row of three discrete holes on a flat plate. The transient temperature measurement relies on the temperature-sensitive fluorescent properties of europium-doped lanthanum oxysulfide (La{sub 2}O{sub 2}S:Eu{sup +3}) thermographic phosphor. A series of full-field surface temperatures, mainstream temperatures, and coolant film temperatures were acquired during the heating of a test surface. These temperatures are used to calculate the heat transfer coefficients and the film effectiveness simultaneously. Because of the superior spatial resolution capability for the heat transfer data reduced from these temperature frames, the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) imaging system, the present study observes the detailed heat transfer characteristics over a film-protected surface. The trend of the results agrees with those obtained using other conventional thermal methods, as well as the liquid crystal imaging technique. One major advantage of this technique is the capability to record a large number of temperature frames over a given testing period. This offers multiple-sample consistency

Synthesis and rheological properties of cation-exchanged Laponite suspensions

In this paper we report our new approach to synthesize cation-exchanged Laponite suspensions. General observations of the prepared samples indicated that an aqueous suspension of 1 wt% Laponite retained its free flowing liquid phase characteristics even after aging for several weeks. When bivalent cationic metals (Cu, Co, Ni) were ablated into the suspension, the strong charge of the crystal face was reduced and, on standing, the suspension gelled becoming highly viscous. This sol-gel transition was induced by the formation of a space-filled structure due to both van derWaals and electrostatic bonds between the positively charged rims and negatively charged faces. Rheological properties of such prepared suspensions were measured using a Brookfield DV-H Pro Viscometer with a small sample adapter{SSA18/13RPY). The yield strengths of2.2 N/m2, 3.2 N/m2, and 1.7 N/m2 were measured for Ni-, Co-, and Cu-modified Laponite suspensions, respectively. These yield strengths are sufficiently high for suspending weighting materials such as barite which requires the gel strength of about 0.5 N/m2

Synthesis of Mg(OH)2, MgO, and Mg nanoparticles using laser ablation of magnesium in water and solvents

laser ablation of magnesium in deionized water (OW), solutions of OW and sodium dodecyl sulfate (50S) with different concentrations, acetone and 2-propanol has been conducted, The results showed that ablation in acetone and 2-propanol yielded MgO and Mg nanocrystallites as isolated particles and agglomerated chains probably intermixed with organic residues resulting from the alterationj decomposition of the solvents under the high-energy conditions. Brucite-like Mg(OH)2 particles were mainly produced by laser ablation of Mg in either OW or OW~SOS solutions. Ablation in OW yielded particles of fiber-like shapes having a diameter of about 5-lOnm and length as long as 150nm. Materials produced in DW-SOS solutions were composed of various size and shape particles, Some had rough surfaces with irregular shapes. Small particles were about 20-30nm and larger particles were about 120 nm. Particles with rod-like, triangular, and plate-like shapes were also observed

Immunization for atherosclerosis

This review summarizes experimental findings that highlight the complex roles of the immune system in atherogenesis. Immune activation can have either proatherogenic or atheroprotective effects. Immune-modulation therapy via an active or passive immunization strategy aims to exploit the atheroprotective aspects of the immune system to modulate atherosclerosis. Several experimental studies have demonstrated that such an approach is feasible and effective, raising the tantalizing possibility that an atheroprotective vaccine can be developed for clinical testing. Several potential immunogens have been identified and tested for their atheroprotective efficacy with variable results. Although several questions such as choice of optimal antigens, choice of most effective adjuvants, the optimal route of administration, durability of effects, and safety remain to be answered, we believe that a vaccine-based approach to manage atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a potentially viable paradigm