Guide technique pour les tranferts securises de materiel genetique de cacaoyer. Revision des Directives Techniques FAO/IPGRI No. 20 (Troisième édition, Octobre 2017)

These guidelines describe technical procedures that minimize the risk of pest introductions with movement of cacao germplasm for research, crop improvement, plant breeding, exploration or conservation. The recommendations made in these guidelines are intended for small, specialized consignments used in research programmes, e.g. for collection, conservation and utilization for breeding of plant genetic resources. These guidelines are not meant for trade and commercial consignments concerning export and import of germplasm or cocoa beans. The conservation and utilization of plant genetic resources and their global distribution are essential components of research activities underpinning improvement programmes. Inevitably, the movement of germplasm involves a risk of accidentally introducing pests along with the host plant. To minimize such risks, preventive measures and effective testing procedures are required to ensure that distributed material is free of pests of potential phytosanitary importance. The international, and inter-regional, movement of germplasm for research, conservation and breeding requires complete and up to date information concerning the phytosanitary status of the plant germplasm. Relevant and current national regulatory information governing the export and importation of plant germplasm in countries is essential. This revision has been produced by the Safe Movement Working Group of CacaoNet. These reflect the consensus and knowledge of the specialists who have contributed to this revision but the information provided needs to be regularly updated. These CacaoNet Guidelines were first published on-line in 2012 but have been revised in 2014 and in 2017 to take account of new information received

Technical guidelines for the safe movement of cacao germplasm. Revised from the FAO/IPGRI Technical Guidelines No. 20 (Third Update, October 2017)

These guidelines describe technical procedures that minimize the risk of pest introductions with movement of cacao germplasm for research, crop improvement, plant breeding, exploration or conservation. The recommendations made in these guidelines are intended for small, specialized consignments used in research programmes, e.g. for collection, conservation and utilization for breeding of plant genetic resources. These guidelines are not meant for trade and commercial consignments concerning export and import of germplasm or cocoa beans. The conservation and utilization of plant genetic resources and their global distribution are essential components of research activities underpinning improvement programmes. Inevitably, the movement of germplasm involves a risk of accidentally introducing pests along with the host plant. To minimize such risks, preventive measures and effective testing procedures are required to ensure that distributed material is free of pests of potential phytosanitary importance. The international, and inter-regional, movement of germplasm for research, conservation and breeding requires complete and up to date information concerning the phytosanitary status of the plant germplasm. Relevant and current national regulatory information governing the export and importation of plant germplasm in countries is essential. This revision has been produced by the Safe Movement Working Group of CacaoNet. These reflect the consensus and knowledge of the specialists who have contributed to this revision but the information provided needs to be regularly updated. These CacaoNet Guidelines were first published on-line in 2012 but have been revised in 2014 and in 2017 to take account of new information received

Directrices tecnicas para el movimiento seguro del germoplasma del cacao. Version revisada de las Directrices Tecnicas de FAO/IPGRI No. 20 (Tercera actualizacion, Octubre de 2017)

These guidelines describe technical procedures that minimize the risk of pest introductions with movement of cacao germplasm for research, crop improvement, plant breeding, exploration or conservation. The recommendations made in these guidelines are intended for small, specialized consignments used in research programmes, e.g. for collection, conservation and utilization for breeding of plant genetic resources. These guidelines are not meant for trade and commercial consignments concerning export and import of germplasm or cocoa beans. The conservation and utilization of plant genetic resources and their global distribution are essential components of research activities underpinning improvement programmes. Inevitably, the movement of germplasm involves a risk of accidentally introducing pests along with the host plant. To minimize such risks, preventive measures and effective testing procedures are required to ensure that distributed material is free of pests of potential phytosanitary importance. The international, and inter-regional, movement of germplasm for research, conservation and breeding requires complete and up to date information concerning the phytosanitary status of the plant germplasm. Relevant and current national regulatory information governing the export and importation of plant germplasm in countries is essential. This revision has been produced by the Safe Movement Working Group of CacaoNet. These reflect the consensus and knowledge of the specialists who have contributed to this revision but the information provided needs to be regularly updated. These CacaoNet Guidelines were first published on-line in 2012 but have been revised in 2014 and in 2017 to take account of new information received

Directrices técnicas para el movimiento seguro del germoplasma del cacao.: Versión revisada de las Directrices técnicas de FAO/IPGRI No. 20

Las Directrices Técnicas CacaoNet para el Movimiento Seguro de Germoplasma de Cacao contienen información actualizada sobre las medidas de precaución y cuarentenarias que se pueden tomar para minimizar el riesgo de introducir plagas y enfermedades cuando se traslada germoplasma de cacao para uso en investigación, fitomejoramiento, exploración o conservación. Estas Directrices, basadas en las publicadas en 1999 por la FAO y el IPGRI (hoy Bioversity International), han sido revisadas y ampliadas por un grupo de expertos establecido en el marco de CacaoNet (la Red Mundial de Recursos Genéticos de Cacao, coordinada por Bioversity International) para que reflejen los nuevos conocimientos sobre plagas y enfermedades que afectan el cacao, incluyendo su actual distribución, y los avances de las tecnologías para detectarlas. El documento incluye consejos generales sobre los procedimientos de seguridad que se deben utilizar cuando se transfiere material genético de cacao, ya sea como semillas, cultivo de tejidos o de la propia planta, e informaciones resumidas sobre la distribución geográfica de las plagas y enfermedades del cacao, y los riesgos relacionados con ellas. Los expertos han contribuido también a las secciones con información detallada sobre enfermedades ocasionadas por virus (necrosis del cacao, CSSV, virus del mosaico amarillo del cacao), hongos (escoba de bruja, moniliasis, Phytophtora, VSD, marchitamiento por Verticillium, mal de machete, podredumbre de la raíz por Rosellinia), plagas (barrenador de la mazorca, minadores de la corteza, míridos/cápsides, mosquitos, otros insectos) y nematodos. Cada sección contiene información sobre los síntomas, la distribución geográfica, la biología de la plaga o enfermedad y las medidas de cuarentena recomendadas.Estas Directrices CacaoNet, publicadas por primera vez en línea en 2012 y en inglés únicamente, se actualizaron en 2014. La nueva versión revisada está disponible en línea en inglés, francés y español. Las versiones impresas estarán disponibles muy pronto

Guide technique pour les tranferts sécurisés de matériel génétique de cacaoyer: Révision des directives techniques FAO/IPGRI No. 20

Le Guide technique pour les transferts sécurisés de matériel génétique de cacaoyer présente des informations à jour sur les précautions et les mesures de quarantaine permettant de minimiser le risque de propagation des ravageurs et des maladies lors des mouvements de matériel génétique pour la recherche, l'amélioration et la sélection végétales, l'exploration ou la conservation. Ces lignes directrices sont fondées sur celles publiées en 1999 par la FAO et l’IPGRI qui ont été révisées et amplifiées par un groupe d'experts mis en place dans le cadre de CacaoNet (le réseau mondial pour les ressources génétiques du cacao coordonné par Bioversity International) pour tenir compte des nouvelles connaissances sur les ravageurs et les maladies, y compris leur répartition actuelle et les progrès des techniques pour leur détection. Le document comprend des conseils généraux en ce qui concerne les procédures de sécurité à utiliser lors du transfert de matériel génétique de cacao, que ce soit sous forme de graines, de culture de tissus ou la plante elle-même, et des informations résumées sur la répartition géographique et les risques posés par des ravageurs et des maladies de cacao. En outre, les experts ont contribué aux sections donnant des informations détaillées sur les éléments suivants: maladies virales (nécrose du cacaoyer, CSSV, virus de la mosaïque jaune du cacaoyer), les maladies fongiques (maladie du balai de sorcière, Moniliose, Phytophthora, VSD, verticilliose, Mal de machete, pourridié à Rosellinia), insectes nuisibles (foreur des cabosses, cochenilles, mirides/capsides, moustiques, autres insectes ravageurs) et les nématodes. Chaque section contient des informations sur les symptômes physiques, la répartition géographique, la biologie du ravageur ou de la maladie et les mesures de quarantaine recommandées. Ce guide technique a d'abord été publié en ligne (seulement en anglais) en 2012, mais a été révisé en 2014 pour tenir compte des nouvelles informations reçues. Cette dernière version est consultable en ligne en anglais, français et espagnol et les versions imprimées seront bientôt disponibles

Residual stress in laser cladded rail

To improve the fatigue life of components subject to loads with high surface strain gradients, it is possible to coat them with an alloy of higher durability. The present study focuses on the effect of cladding high value track components, made of a standard rail steel UIC 900A/grade 260, with a layer of a premium martensitic stainless steel to reduce wear and fatigue. The laser cladding process inevitably generates residual stresses in the clad and parent metal, which could be detrimental to the integrity of the component. Therefore, measurements to determine the residual stress state of cladded rail were performed using semi-destructive centre-hole and deep hole drilling and non-destructive neutron diffraction techniques. Subsequently, the effects of cycling loading and wear, representative of typical service loads, on the redistribution of the residual stress field were investigated. It was observed that laser cladding causes a triaxial compressive residual stress field in the clad and near the interface and a tensile stress field in the parent material. The stress field is shown to change when the first cycle of load is applied but reaches a steady state after only 10 cycles: After the 10th cycle there is no evidence that the clad continues accumulating strain which could indicate that there is low risk of ratcheting. Wear effect on residual stress redistribution was found to be local on the surface of the specimen only

‘Home’ and the loss of a home in Hilda Bernstein’s The world that was ours

Feminist and postcolonial critics have, for some two decades, been questioning the concept of ‘home’ and the ideological uses to which its preferred meanings have been put in contexts of nation- or community-building. Their questions are prompted by the increasing mobility of populations and the concomitant multicultural composition of societies. Considering the fictional versions of ‘home’ in world literatures in English, Rosemary Marangoly George has argued that ‘home’ ‘immediately connotes the private sphere of patriarchal hierarchy, gendered self-identity, shelter, comfort, nurture and protection’ (1) and that to meet this ideological requirement ‘the notion of home is built on a pattern of select inclusions and exclusions

‘It was like singing in the wilderness’: An Interview with Unity Dow

Unity Dow has published three novels in rapid succession: Far and Beyon’ (2000), The Screaming of the Innocent (2002) and Juggling Truths (2003). She is also the first woman to be appointed a judge of the High Court in Botswana; before her appointment she was an attorney and a prominent human rights activist, and she won some landmark cases in Botswana

Gender, Liberated Signs, Deepened History

Muponde, Robert and Mandi Taruvinga (eds). 2002. Sign and Taboo: Perspectives on the Poetic Fiction of Yvonne Vera. Harare: Weaver Press; (2003) Oxford: James Currey. 236pp.Newell, Stephanie. 2002. Literary Culture in Colonial Ghana: “How to Play the Game of Life.” Manchester: Manchester University Press. 242pp.Woodward, Wendy, Patricia Hayes and Gary Minkley (eds). 2002. Deep hiStories: Gender and Colonialism in Southern Africa. Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi. Cross / Cultures Series, 57. 356pp.The three books considered in this article are accounts of revisiting the past, in fiction and in fact, and of finding alternatives to the currently dominant views of power, agency and gender that circulate in postcolonial studies. All three rely on a theory of fiction which accounts for its capacity effectively to revise our understanding of historical circumstances and events; this is that fiction’s unstable, liberated signifying system allows writers and readers a speculative scope in which to imagine alternative interpretations of what happened. Such revisioning – of the place of women in history, for example – occurs in the novels of Yvonne Vera. A challenge to historians who unfailingly allocate the agency which created African polities to European powers is also within fiction’s scope, as in Bessie Head’s semi-fictionalised account of Botswana in the late nineteenth century. An empirical approach to the ‘facts’ of history and postcolonial cultural studies can also be liberating: Newell’s research into the uses of literacy in early colonial Ghana has yielded just such a challenge to accepted views of cultural transmission for she finds that the ‘scholars’ (non-elite men and women) who formed reading clubs in the early twentieth-century Gold Coast were not cowed by the coloniser’s alien culture. This article argues that Newell’s findings about the interpretative practices of recently colonised readers complement, or could inform, some of the questioning of conventional cultural dichotomies that is now happening in South African research, and that of all the concepts that are theorised in the Woodward and the Muponde collections, gender is the one that is most likely to challenge overly settled habits in thinking about postcoloniality