Fast six-channel pyrometer for warm-dense-matter experiments with intense heavy-ion beams

This paper describes a fast multi-channel radiation pyrometer that was developed for warmdense-matter experiments with intense heavy ion beams at Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung mbH (GSI). The pyrometer is capable of measuring of brightness temperatures from 2000 K to 50000 K, at 6 wavelengths in visible and near-infrared parts of spectrum, with 5 nanosecond temporal resolution and several micrometers spatial resolution. The pyrometer's spectral discrimination technique is based on interference filters, which act as filters and mirrors to allow for simultaneous spectral discrimination of the same ray at multiple wavelengths

Numerical simulation of intense precipitation in Moscow region: A case study of a heavy rainfall event on June 30, 2017

This paper considers physical and synoptic mechanisms of an extreme rainfall on June 30, 2017 in the central part of European Russia, which was the maximum of daily precipitation sum in Moscow (65 mm) since 1970. Based on meteorological observations, radar data, and ERA5 reanalysis data, we show that the rainfall was associated with three mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) that formed in the warm sector of a cyclone in a strip of anomalously high moisture content in the considered region, which developed further due to advection and evaporation. A numerical simulation with mesoscale model COSMO shows a significant contribution to the precipitation intensity of evaporation from the Earth's surface: a 10-times decrease in soil the moisture in the initial conditions leads to a 3-times decrease in the amount of precipitation and its intensity. Additionally, we consider urban-induced effects on this rainfall event by switching on and off urban parametrization TERRA_URB. The application of the urban surface parametrization has not changed the average amount of precipitation in Moscow region. It causes, however, a redistribution of precipitation sums within it. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd

Climate Change and Extreme Weather Events in the Moscow Agglomeration

Abstract: Based on monitoring data (surface observationnetwork and satellites) and on the results of climate simulations withthe COSMO-CLM and ENVI-MET models, the dynamics of the urban heat island(UHI) and wet/dry island and their 3D structure for the Moscowagglomeration are investigated. It is found that the Moscow UHI ismaintained by the anthropogenic heat influx to the urban atmosphere. Tosome extent, UHI is self-induced due to the feedback mechanism(providing approximately 10% of the effect) between temperature and thedownward flux of longwave radiation. The UHI creates a counterclockwisecirculation of airflows. The UHI and its circulation system arelogically considered a product of self-organization, when a meso-betascale circulation system is generated under the influence of multipleactions of small (meso-gamma scale) impacts. The UHI is accompanied bythe wet/dry island. The domed three-dimensional structure of the islandsis disturbed under steady strong winds and is transformed into the plumestructure. The interannual trend towards the UHI strengthening is noted.This determines the effect of the warming acceleration related to theglobal warming and an increase in the discomfort effects in the Moscowurban system. The intense heat waves (1972, 2002, and 2010) which causedcatastrophic droughts and wildfires in the European part of Russia arethe major factor of vulnerability of the Moscow economy and population.In addition, the influence of the anomalies is amplified by the urbanenvironment. © 2020, Allerton Press, Inc

Citizen weather stations data for monitoring applications and urban climate research: An example of Moscow megacity

This study considers experience in use of crowdsourced meteorological observations from the world's biggest network of citizen weather stations (CWSs), Netatmo, for urban climate research and applied monitoring services on the example of Moscow megacity. Crowdsourcing paradigm is an emerging alternative to the development of expensive urban meteorological networks. We have experimentally evaluated the uncertainties of the Netatmo temperature observations and regard them as being acceptable when the stations are shadowed from the sun. In order to filter out the misrepresentative observations, a quality-control algorithm has been developed. Within more than 1500 CWSs in the Moscow region, only about 25% meet this quality control, which is still one order of magnitude higher than the number of official Roshydromet weather stations in the study area. Such amount of data opens new opportunities for spatially-resolving urban climate studies and for applied services. As an example of the latter, we present a prototype of a web-mapping application for a near-real-time temperature monitoring system in Moscow. The application's backend includes automatic services for downloading of observations from Netatmo and official Roshydromet networks, as well as for database maintaining. The processed data are visualized interactively in a web browser. The application is available on the Internet at http://carto.geogr.msu.ru/mosclim/. It will be further developed to include a real-time thermal comfort assessment based on the contemporary PET and UTCI biometeorological indices, a visualization of the interpolated fields, and other improvements. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd

Study of surface-based temperature inversions in the city of Nadym (Western Siberia) with direct measurements and numerical simulation

Frequent surface-based inversions are persistent features of climate in the Arctic and, in particular, in its Russian part. Most favourable conditions for temperature inversion formation during the winter period in this region are observed. Surface-based inversions formed in cities are most interesting for research, because of their impact on people's health. Besides, "urban"surface-based inversions differ from "rural"ones, because of interactions with the urban heat island (UHI). Actually, urban surface-based inversions in the Arctic are weakly understood due to poor meteo monitoring equipment of most Arctic regions and because the reanalysis resolution is too low for the cities. To estimate the frequency of surface-based inversions and spatial distributions in the city of Nadym (Western Siberia), measurements with gradient complexes during the period from 18.12.2018 to 15.10.2019 have been conducted, and a numerical experiment with a model Advanced Research WRF (ARW) has been performed for the coldest days of the period. In the research, first statistic microclimatic data of vertical temperature distributions in the city of Nadym have been obtained. Such model experiments are realized for that region, and the results obtained for the rural area are compared with microwave temperature profiler MTP-5 measurements. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd

Sky View Factor (SVF) assessment in a real-time system for thermal comfort conditions monitoring in the Moscow region

Comfort indices are used to assess the harm to human health caused by unfavorable thermal conditions. All calculated indices are based on both meteorological and physiological parameters. An algorithm is used which is based on a model RayMan for calculating two of the most common thermal indexes: PET and UTCI, which are based on a balance of human energy or models of human heat fluxes. The purpose of this research is to develop a real-time system of calculating comfort indices based on data of a web service for monitoring weather conditions in Moscow and the Moscow region. The technology is based on the use of specialized libraries of the Python language (pyautogui, pywinauto) to interact with the keys of a keyboard and a mouse, because it is necessary to write paths to files and make keystrokes in the model. The result is presented in a visually understandable form with a spatial distribution of the thermal stress in the form of points with signed index values at the locations of weather stations throughout Moscow and the surrounding areas. A test of sensitivity of the RayMan model to changes in a sky view factor (SVF) is also carried out. It is shown that the PET index is more sensitive to changes in SVF than UTCI. An assessment is made of the summer frequency of occurrence of cases with unfavorable levels of the thermal stress (taking into account SVF) at stations of the Roshydromet network in Moscow and the Moscow region. It is shown that during the controversial summer of 2019, the points where strong and extreme heat stresses most often occurred are located within the territories of Domodedovo and Sheremetyevo airports. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd