The potential of efficient water management system in high-rise design

Water is a natural gift upon all life forms since the early civilization of mankind and Malaysia is one of the nation that is rich with water resources. Since decades ago, the development in the water sector spurs the social economic growth of this country (Mohd. Azhar, 2000). As time goes by with rapid urbanisation across Malaysia, the demand for water especially in buildings, increase to accommodate a growing population and their needs. Roodman et al. (1995) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (Al-Tamimi, 2011) highlight that the World watch Institute estimates building consumption to be at least 40% of the world’s energy and 16% of the water used annually. However, issues like increasing wastages and mismanagement of water leads to a problem towards this resources. Hence, the first part of the paper assesses the issues faced globally and locally towards water resources and the principles of water quality cascade in relation to sustainable water management in buildings. The next part are collective reviews of two selected case studies that include sustainable water management in the respective building design approach. The significant of this paper is to encourage the mind set of designers to contemplate and develop a more efficient water management system in high-rise buildings design as well as the importance for regulatory authorities and consultants to integrate the principles of sustainable water management onto development governing

Strategi kelestarian dalam bangunan tinggi

Penulisan ini akan memfokuskan perbincangan berkenaan strategi yang perlu diambil kira dalam merekabentuk sebuah bangunan pencakar langit yang berpandukan senibina lestari. Ini menunjukkan bagaimana perpindahan teknologi di dalam area pembinaan telah diguna pakai dalam sistem bangunan pencakar langit untuk mencapai prestasi terbaik. Ini kerana proses merekabentuk bangunan tinggi melibatkan pelbagai bidang termasuklah komponen senibina, struktur, dan sistem HVAC (heat, ventilation and air conditioning). Beberapa contoh bangunan generasi baru yang menitikberatkan kelestarian dalam bangunan dijadikan sebagai rujukan kajian kes. Kajian ini telah menyimpulkan bahawa bangunan tinggi akan menggunakan tenaga yang tinggi, golongan pereka pada generasi akan datang akan beralih kepada strategi rekabentuk “tenaga sifar” secara berperingkat. Dalam pendekatan ini, iklim setempat menjadi salah satu daripada kelebihan untuk rekabentuk bangunan yang menjadikan bangunan itu sendiri sebagai sumber tenaga. Tidak mustahil pada satu masa nanti, bangunan tinggi akan menghasilkan tenaga tambahan yang boleh dijual kepada pusat janakuasa bandar

Simulation of statistical aspects of reliability in nano CMOS

The evolution of the threshold voltage distribution in an ensemble of realistic n- and p- channel bulk MOSFETs caused by charge trapping on stress generated defect states at the Si/SiO<sub>2</sub> interface due to NBTI/PBTI is studied using 3-D statistical simulations. The simulations take into account the underlying random discrete dopant distribution in the transistors, which in conjunction with strategically positioned traps, could result in rare but dramatic changes in the transistor characteristics

Simulation of statistical aspects of charge trapping and related degradation in bulk MOSFETs in the presence of random discrete dopants

The distribution of fractional current change and threshold voltage shift in an ensemble of realistic 35 nm bulk negative-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors caused by charge trapping on stress-generated defect states at the Si/SiO2 interface is studied using 3-D statistical "atomistic" simulations. The simulations take into account the underlying random discrete dopant distribution in the transistors, which in conjunction with strategically positioned traps could result in rare but dramatic changes in the transistor characteristics. The evolution of threshold voltage distribution as a result of accumulation of trapped charges in the devices due to progressive negative bias temperature instability, positive bias temperature instability, or hot electron degradation is simulated and compared with simple analytical model predictions and recently published experimental measurements to demonstrate the necessity to consider statistical variability in realistic reliability simulations. The magnitude of the degradation in devices of different geometries is also investigated where minimal correlation is found

Accurate capturing of the statistical aspect of NBTI/PBTI variability into statistical compact models

In the contemporary and future MOSFETs, NBTI/PBTI-related charge trapping in the presence of underlying statistical variability gives rise to statistical degradation of the coresponding electrical characteristics and figures of merit. We present a framework that integrates the statistical aspect of the NBTI/PBTI degradation, obtained from large-scale 3D ‘atomistic’ device simulations, into statistical compact models. Through a selection of physically relevant compact model parameters, the resulting library of compact models provides high accuracy in representing the statistical NBTI/PBTI degradation effects, across a wide range of degradation conditions. This approach enables circuit designers to verify to what extent particular design solutions will meet the design specifications subject to progressive BTI degradation in the presence of statistical variability