The Effects Of Flipped Learning With Peer Instruction On Esl Students’ Engagement And Reading Comprehension

This study examines the effects of flipped learning on enhancing ESL students’ engagement and reading comprehension skills. A flipped learning – LMS- installed with the PowerPoint slides and materials on an online site was brought into classroom instructions used by peers for the benefit of effective teaching. A total of 170 samples, with 85 samples each, underwent a five-week, 2x2 factorial design experimental study. The effects of flipped learning only and with peer instruction (FLO, FLPI) as well as its associated moderating variable, language proficiency (high-low) and gender (male-female) on students’ engagement and reading comprehension were examined. Results from the analysis of Covariate (ANCOVA) show that students who underwent the FLPI mode outperformed students who underwent the FLO for adjusted mean difference of 4.052 similarly students from the FLPI given higher engagement score when compared to students from the FLO mode. However, there was no significant interaction effect between the FLPI, FLO and students engagement in language proficiency and gender. Moreover, there is no significant interaction effect between gender and proficiency levels on adjusted mean score in average students’ engagement. In regards to reading comprehension, the adjusted mean score of FLPI and high proficiency are higher than the adjusted mean score of FLO and low proficiency. In contrast, the adjusted mean score of male students is higher than the adjusted mean score of female students. Not only there is no significant interaction effect between groups (FLO and FLPI) and proficiency levels (low and high), but also between gender and proficiency, on adjusted mean score in reading comprehension

Influence of growth stresses and material properties on distortion of sawn timber - numerical investigation

• The board distortion that occurs during the sawing and the drying process causes major problems in the utilisation of sawn timber. The distortion is highly influenced by parameters such as spiral grain angle, modulus of elasticity, shrinkage, growth stresses and sawing pattern. • In this study a finite element simulation of log sawing and timber drying was performed to study how these parameters interact to affect board distortion. A total of 81 logs with different material combinations were simulated. From each simulated log four boards with different annual ring orientation were studied. • The results showed that the elastic modulus, shrinkage coefficient and growth stresses had a large influence on the final bow and spring deformation. After sawing of the log into boards, the release of growth stresses was the main contributor to the bow and spring deformation. For boards with low modulus of elasticity, the bending distortion became larger than for the boards with high modulus of elasticity. The twist deformation was very small after sawing but increased significantly during drying of the boards. The results showed that spiral grain angle and the board location within the log were the main contributors to the twist deformation.Influence des contraintes de croissance et des propriétés du matériau sur la déformation des sciages. Analyse numérique. • La déformation des planches qui se produit au cours du sciage et du séchage conduit à des difficultés importantes pour l'utilisation des sciages. Les déformations sont très dépendantes de paramètres tels que l'angle du fil, le module d'élasticité, les retraits, les contraintes de croissance et le plan de débit. • Dans cette étude nous avons réalisé une simulation par éléments finis du sciage de billons et de leur séchage pour étudier comment ces paramètres interagissent et affectent la distorsion des planches. Nous avons simulé un total de 81 billons avec différentes combinaisons des propriétés du matériau. Pour chaque billon quatre planches sont simulées avec différentes orientations des limites de cernes. • Les résultats montrent que le module d'élasticité, les coefficients des retraits et les contraintes de croissance ont une grande influence sur la courbure finale de la face et sur la courbure de chant. Après le sciage des billons en planches, la libération des contraintes de croissance est le principal contributeur des deux déformations précédentes. Enfin, on montre que l'angle du fil et la position de la planche dans le billon sont les principales causes du gauchissement