Diffuse-Charge Dynamics in Electrochemical Systems

The response of a model micro-electrochemical system to a time-dependent applied voltage is analyzed. The article begins with a fresh historical review including electrochemistry, colloidal science, and microfluidics. The model problem consists of a symmetric binary electrolyte between parallel-plate, blocking electrodes which suddenly apply a voltage. Compact Stern layers on the electrodes are also taken into account. The Nernst-Planck-Poisson equations are first linearized and solved by Laplace transforms for small voltages, and numerical solutions are obtained for large voltages. The ``weakly nonlinear'' limit of thin double layers is then analyzed by matched asymptotic expansions in the small parameter $\epsilon = \lambda_D/L$, where $\lambda_D$ is the screening length and $L$ the electrode separation. At leading order, the system initially behaves like an RC circuit with a response time of $\lambda_D L / D$ (not $\lambda_D^2/D$), where $D$ is the ionic diffusivity, but nonlinearity violates this common picture and introduce multiple time scales. The charging process slows down, and neutral-salt adsorption by the diffuse part of the double layer couples to bulk diffusion at the time scale, $L^2/D$. In the ``strongly nonlinear'' regime (controlled by a dimensionless parameter resembling the Dukhin number), this effect produces bulk concentration gradients, and, at very large voltages, transient space charge. The article concludes with an overview of more general situations involving surface conduction, multi-component electrolytes, and Faradaic processes.Comment: 10 figs, 26 pages (double-column), 141 reference

About the time rates for the provision of primary health care to the adult population by the precinct psychiatric doctor

One of the main tasks of domestic health care is the rational use of financial, material and technical and human resources, taking into account the medical and economic effectiveness of the measures taken. An important section in this direction is the optimization of the staffing list of a medical organization based on the needs for medical care and relevant standard labor standards. One of the main tools for creating a staffing table is the regulation of labor, the organization and implementation of which is becoming increasingly relevant in the current conditions of medical organizations, including those providing psychiatric care. The changed conditions for the activities of medical organizations providing psychiatric care and the lack of standard labor standards for psychiatrists led to a study aimed at studying the costs of working time for work related to a patient visiting a local psychiatrist. We have developed and implemented norms of time for one visit by a patient to a local psychiatrist, which served as the basis for determining the load standards and the number of data of specialist doctorsОдной из основных задач отечественного здравоохранения является рациональное использование финансовых, материально-технических и кадровых ресурсов, с учетом медико-экономической эффективности проводимых мероприятий. Важным разделом в данном направлении является оптимизация штатного расписания медицинской организации исходя из потребностей в медицинской помощи и актуальных типовых норм труда. Одним из главных инструментов формирования штатного расписания является нормирование труда, организация и внедрение которого становиться все более актуальным в современных условиях деятельности медицинских организаций, в том числе оказывающих психиатрическую помощь. Изменившиеся условия деятельности медицинских организаций, оказывающих психиатрическую помощь и отсутствие типовых норм труда для врачей-психиатров обусловили проведение исследования, направленного на изучение затрат рабочего времени на оказание первичной медико-санитарной помощи больным с психическими заболеваниями. Нами разработаны и внедрены нормы времени на одно посещение пациентом участкового врача-психиатра, что послужило основой для определения норм нагрузки и численности данных врачей-специалисто

The effect of the Moscow theatre siege on expectations of well-being in the future

We employ the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey–Higher School of Economics (RLMS-HSE), a survey of 6,000 individuals, and a difference-in-differences estimation strategy to examine the effect of the 2002 Moscow theatre siege on the level of self-reported expectations of life in the future of the Russian population. The longitudinal nature of the data allows us to explore both the short- and long-term effects of terrorism on this population as well as contribute to the limited number of quasi-experimental studies in this area. By focusing on expectations of life in the future, we broaden our understanding of the social consequences of terrorism. Controlling for a range of sociodemographic variables including self-assessed relative income, our findings suggest that the well-being effects of terrorism are complex and the net effect of a terrorism incident on well-being may not necessarily be negative. This can be explained, at least in part, by the theory of posttraumatic growth—a theory that refers to the positive psychological change experienced as a result of adversity, with terrorism incidents inadvertently promoting more meaningful interpersonal relationships, new views of the self and new views of the world. That is not to suggest that terrorism is a positive phenomenon—rather, that individuals have a lifelong plasticity rendering them capable of recovery from adversity. The primary objectives of terrorists, therefore, are unlikely to be fully achieved. It is hoped that our research allows for the development of more refined policies that aim to encourage posttraumatic growth while simultaneously attempting to minimize posttraumatic stress disorder. This may involve engaging with the psychological community to devise policies and programs that target those in the population who are most vulnerable and for these groups devise strategies to enhance their psychological resilience following a terrorist (or other traumatic) event

The welfare cost of terrorism

Data from 117 countries over the period 2006 to 2011 are used to estimate a macroeconomic cross-country system of equations that examines the association between terrorism, self-reported life satisfaction, and national income. Results indicate that terrorism is negatively associated with life satisfaction, whereas no such association is found between terrorism and real GDP per worker. Stark contrasts are found, however, between OECD and non-OECD members. In all, our results suggest that the social costs of terrorism are potentially much higher than the economic costs, and measuring only the conventional economic costs of terrorism significantly underestimates the true costs